Global Conference on Renewable Energy

Session – 1: Benefits of Renewable Energy over Fossil Fuels

The first session of this conference focuses on the benefits of renewable energy over fossil fuels. Green energy, also known as renewable energy, is a form of energy that is continuously renewed by natural processes. The energy that is renewable comes from non-depletable resources. This session includes various tracks like why we need to switch to green energy from fossil fuels, the advantages of renewable energy, obstacles of renewable energy, strategies to increase the use of renewable energy, etc.

Track - 1: Renewable Energy

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1. 1. A renewable energy source is any sustainable energy source that derives from the natural world. Alternatives to fossil fuels that are pure and limitless include renewable energy.
2. 2. There are many different types of renewable energy available in our nature. Solar power, wind power, water power, tide power, biomass, and geothermal heat are a few examples of renewable energy.
3. 3. Renewable energy is classified as clean energy since it emits little to no greenhouse gas emissions and little to no carbon emissions.
4. 4. Each of these sources has advantages and disadvantages. Some are more suited than others to specific regions/fields. Energy from renewable energy sources is used for vital purposes such as electricity production, air and water cooling and heating, space exploration, transportation, and many other purposes.
5. 5. The world is quickly realizing the necessity of renewable energy if we are to keep our promise of a future free of carbon emissions while ensuring energy security. It is crucial that we move more quickly away from fossil fuels and toward renewable energy sources in order to reduce the effects of global climate change and assure a sustainable future for many generations to come.
6. 6. In contrast to traditional energy sources, which are frequently concentrated in a small number of nations, such as oil and gas, which are mostly found in Middle Eastern countries, renewable energy sources are present throughout a large geographic area.
7. 7. The utilization of renewable energy sources reduces pollution, which has a significant effect on the economy and energy security.

Track - 2: Why We Need to Switch to Green Energy from Fossil Fuels!

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1. 1. When fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) are used to create energy, they emit dangerous greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. Renewable energy generates significantly less carbon dioxide (CO2) and other dangerous pollutants and greenhouse gases.
2. 2. The world's supply of fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, and natural gas) is finite, and if we consume them all up, we won't be able to obtain any more in our lifetimes.
3. 3. But the high greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels are a major factor in climate change, global warming, and the deterioration of air quality.
4. 4. Acid rains are caused by sulphur emissions into the atmosphere, which are also a result of fossil fuel use. Buildings may be harmed by acid rain.
5. 5. For this reason, many people believe that the shift to clean energy and the mitigation of climate change depend heavily on renewable energy.
6. 6. A dependable energy source is renewable energy. It doesn't rely on unneeded wars, fuel prices, trade conflicts, or political instability. However, such elements are crucial in the case of fossil fuels.
7. 7. Long-term cost savings from renewable energy are possible. Both operating and maintenance costs will be reduced for the use of renewable energy by newly developed renewable energy technologies.
8. 8. The market for renewable energy is rising as technological advancements drive down costs and begin to fulfil the promise of a clean energy future. In order to supply power to homes, businesses, and communities, there is an increasing demand for energy as the world's population grows.
9. 9. To maintain a sustainable level of energy and save our world from climate change, innovation and expansion of renewable energy sources are essential. The green energy sector is already worth hundreds of billions of dollars and is predicted to keep expanding quickly in the years to come.

Track - 3: Advantages of Renewable Energy

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Including the above advantages, additional advantages of renewable energy are:

1. 1. Due to its lower cost compared to the majority of conventional energy sources, renewable energy is a viable economic option.
2. 2. The majority of global economies have added new, secure jobs since the advent of renewable energy. Experts predict that thousands of steady jobs will be generated as a result of the ongoing, aggressive initiatives to adopt renewable energy.
3. 3. Energy prices worldwide have been stabilized by renewable energy. This is due to the fact that the cost of renewable energy is based on the initial cost of installing renewable energy technologies, as opposed to the cost of fossil fuels, which fluctuates based on the rate of current inflation and the resource's availability.
4. 4. Compared to conventional generators that employ conventional fuel sources, renewable energy solutions require less general maintenance. Furthermore, maintenance requirements are minimal to nonexistent once the infrastructure is in place to harness the renewable resource.
5. 5. Using renewable energy can improve public health. There is little to no air pollution or greenhouse gas emissions from sources of renewable energy. As a result, the environment is improved and its carbon impact is reduced.
6. 6. In addition to helping to transfer energy produced by renewable energy technologies to the final customer, renewable energy technology may predict the supply of renewable energy.
7. 7. Renewable energy sources are on a road to continually becoming more affordable because, as production and installation techniques are improved, technology gets cheaper over time.
8. 8. People can generate energy locally with the help of renewable energy technologies from renewable energy resources for personal benefits, which can improve the nation's energy independence from imports.
9. 9. Access to clean electricity for isolated, coastal, or island populations are increasing with renewable energy. Even without recognizing it, we use a variety of renewable energy sources today.
10. 10. Renewable energy makes it feasible to have a diverse energy supply. Our waste materials can be recycled using renewable energy. More than any other renewable energy source, biomass energy has a tendency to have this particular advantage.
11. 11. In order to produce energy, biomass consumes utilized organic materials like leftover corn and soybean by-products, vegetable oil, or even algae. Additionally, it lessens the volume of garbage dumped in landfills, which lowers the overall quantity of carbon released into the environment.
12. 12. Countries that develop, produce, and export clean energy technologies stand to benefit greatly economically.

Track - 4: Obstacles of Renewable Energy

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1. 1. There are a number of obstacles to be addressed as renewable energy solutions take the place of fossil fuels, most notably their connection and integration with the grid to ensure secure and dependable electric power for everyone.
2. 2. The capability for producing electricity from renewable sources is still insufficient to meet the rising energy demand. Since renewable energy generation technologies are still relatively new, they lack the requisite efficiency.
3. 3. The installation and maintenance costs for such facilities are relatively high because there is insufficient understanding of how to efficiently harness these kinds of energy. The weather (such as rain, sun, and wind) completely determines whether renewable energy technology can capture any energy or not.
4. 4. Renewable energy systems would not be able to produce any electricity in the event that the atmospheric conditions were insufficient. In addition, nuclear energy produces power that is not renewable but is zero-carbon, meaning that it emits little to no carbon dioxide during production, exactly like renewable energy sources. Since nuclear energy comes from a steady source, it is not affected by the weather.
5. 5. To get renewable energy where it is needed, a distribution network must be established. These networks demand the production of non-renewable energies.
6. 6. Compared to fossil fuels, renewable energy sources may be less polluting, but they still produce some pollution.
7. 7. Both money and space are needed in order to set up facilities for the generation of renewable energy.
8. 8. We frequently ignore the expense of renewable energy storage. With renewable energy, you must install a battery to store the energy you have captured or you will lose it.

Track - 5: Strategies to Increase the Use of Renewable Energy!

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1. 1. Several actions can be performed to enhance the use of renewable energy and slow down climate change. Government policies are essential in supporting the usage of renewable energy sources. This can be accomplished by laws that encourage the funding of renewable energy projects. The momentum in favour of renewable energy can be influenced by energy subsidies, direct subsidies, compensation for damages, and tax exemptions.
2. 2. When it comes to the use of renewable energy, the private sector is crucial. Governments can promote private sector investment in renewable energy projects by fostering a favourable investment environment and offering the required assistance and incentives. It can aid in the promotion of cutting-edge financial solutions for renewable energy.
3. 3. For the renewable energy industry to expand, research and development are essential. Investment in research and development can spur innovation, lower the cost of renewable energy sources, and improve their ability to compete with fossil fuels.
4. 4. It will be crucial to reduce barriers to knowledge sharing and technological transfer, especially those relating to intellectual property rights, in order to make renewable energy technology a worldwide public good, meaning accessible to everyone and not just the wealthy.
5. 5. The raw materials and component supply chains for renewable energy must be improved. Globally, greater accessibility to all essential parts and materials will be crucial.
6. 6. It is possible to increase demand for renewable energy sources and the adoption of sustainable energy practices by increasing public awareness of the advantages of renewable energy sources and the effects of climate change.
7. 7. Creating tailored media campaigns that emphasize the benefits of renewable energy, such as financial savings and environmental advantages. Collaborating with influential businesspeople, energy providers, and environmental groups and using their resources and know-how to reach a larger audience. Hosting educational workshops, conferences, seminars, and other events at the community and educational levels.
8. 8. While international coordination and collaboration are crucial, urgent domestic policy framework reforms are required to expedite and advance renewable energy projects and spur private sector investments.
9. 9. The use of renewable energy is a crucial strategy for halting climate change. We can lower greenhouse gas emissions, increase energy security, and give millions of people access to clean, dependable, and affordable electricity by switching to a low-carbon energy mix. To make the switch to renewable energy a reality and guarantee a sustainable future for everybody, governments, corporations, and people must cooperate.

Session – 2: Bio energy and Waste to Energy

The second session is particularly designed to discuss recent advancements, new research, current trends, improvements, challenges, benefits, policy, strategies, energy generation theory and principles, evolution, market growth factors, future, opportunities, public awareness, and many important aspects of the bio-energy field. The energy that comes from biomass is called bioenergy. Since plants receive their energy from the sun through a process called photosynthesis that may be refilled, bioenergy is seen as renewable because its source is unbounded. Although burning bioenergy still contributes to the release of carbon into the atmosphere, it is thought to be less destructive than burning fossil fuels since it uses and releases carbon that is currently part of our modern cycle rather than carbon that has been stored for a long time. This session also focused on waste-to-energy topics. This session includes different topics related to bioenergy and waste-to-energy like biomass, methods of biomass energy production, biofuels, and biogas, drawbacks of bioenergy, basics of waste-to-energy, advantages and challenges associated with waste-to-energy, etc.

Track - 1: Biomass

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1. 1. Renewable organic material derived from plants and animals is known as biomass. By definition, biomass refers to both living and recently deceased species. The ones that have already been transformed into fossil fuels are excluded.
2. 2. The majority of biomass contains elements like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other alkali metals that, when burned, release a lot of energy.
3. 3. Renewable electricity, heat energy, and fuels for vehicles can all be produced using biomass.
4. 4. Biomass feedstock includes sugarcane, corn, sunflower, sugar beets, industrial sweet potatoes, wheat, switchgrass, canola, cottonseed, jatropha, mustard oil, soy plants, palm oil, wood, tallow, manure, fish oil, agricultural wastes, orchard prunings, hybrid poplar, willow, algae, miscanthus, municipal wastes, lawn wastes, disaster debris, logging residues, lumber mills waste, paper factories waste, grasses, cotton, and wool products, waste cooking oil, bagasse and many more.
5. 5. Technology is evolving quickly, and biomass energy is quickly gaining popularity as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels.

Track - 2: Methods of Biomass Energy Production

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1. 1. Burning organic material and using the heat energy it produces is one of the most basic methods of producing biomass energy.
2. 2. Direct firing, pyrolysis, co-firing, gasification, and anaerobic decomposition are the many methods of energy conversion.
3. 3. The feedstock is heated during the thermal conversion of biomass in order to liberate energy, dry the feedstock, or stabilize the biomass.
4. 4. The biomass must first be dried before burning. Torrefaction is the name for the chemical process that dries out biomass. In this procedure, a temperature range of 200 to 320 degree Celsius is reached for the biomass. In addition to losing all of its moisture, biomass also loses its capacity to take in moisture.
5. 5. Torrefaction transforms biomass into a dry, dark substance that is then crushed to create briquettes. Briquettes can be stored in damp areas because of their strong hydrophobicity. The briquettes also have a high energy density and may be burned directly or in a co-firing with ease.
6. 6. Pyrolysis is the process of heating organic compounds to 400–500°C in the absence of oxygen. Biomass pyrolysis results in the production of charcoal, bio-oil, sustainable diesel, methane, and hydrogen. Waste is burned in a pyrolysis process to increase gain and reduce emissions.
7. 7. Through quick pyrolysis with a catalyst and high pressure, hydrothermal treatment creates bio-oil. Incomplete biomass combustion can result from burning charred wood or the dark residue left behind when burning wood incorrectly.
8. 8. Byproducts of pyrolysis include dark liquid called pyrolysis oil, a solid byproduct called biochar, and a synthetic gas called syngas. These elements can all be utilized to create energy.
9. 9. Biomass is thermo-chemically transformed during pyrolysis and gasification. In both methods, the biomass feedstock is heated in gasifiers, which are sealed, pressurized containers. They vary, nonetheless, in terms of oxygen content and conversion temperatures.
10. 10. The pyrolysis of biomass produces biochar as a byproduct. It is regarded as a vital source of energy for use in agriculture and other environmentally friendly activities.
11. 11. These biochars can continue to take in carbon from the environment even after being reinserted into the soil. It has been discovered that adding biochar to the soil assists in improving the quality and quantity of agricultural produce. They can operate as sequestered carbon sinks, which is useful for maintaining the quality of the soil.
12. 12. Black liquor is a hazardous byproduct of making paper from wood. This black liquor was formerly disposed of out into the adjacent waterways as an industrial waste product.
13. 13. Later on, it was discovered that the black liquor may hold onto over 50% of the carbon content of the original substance. Later, with the aid of the recovery boiler, it served as a power source for a number of mills. Additionally, attempts were made to gasify it in order to use it to produce power.
14. 14. By biomass fermentation, ethanol is created.

Track - 3: Biofuels and Biogas

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1. 1. Biogas, bioethanol, and biodiesel are three different kinds of bioenergy.
2. 2. Nowadays, ethanol and biodiesel are two major biofuels that are made from the biomass feedstock.
3. 3. There are three types of feedstocks: first-, second-, and third-generation. First-generation biofuels like food crops, sugar cane, and maize are used to make ethanol, while vegetable oils like canola and soybean oils are used to make biodiesel.
4. 4. Cellulosic materials such as cotton, wood, grasses, and plant fibers are the source of second-generation biofuels.
5. 5. Algal fuel is a third-generation biofuel.
6. 6. Researchers are looking into enhanced biofuel production technology that uses garbage. For instance, wasted cooking oil, rubbish, and animal fat are processed to create liquid biofuels.
7. 7. To create synthesis gas, also known as syngas, organic materials are heated to temperatures between 800 and 900 degrees Celsius by the process of gasification.
8. 8. Syngas can be used to run gas turbines, heat homes, and fuel engines. Once the hydrogen has been extracted from the gas, it can be burnt or used in fuel cells.
9. 9. Liquid fuels can be created from syngas using the Fischer-Tropsch method.
10. 10. Pyrolysis oil is a form of tar sometimes known as bio-oil or bio crude. It serves as a component in other fuels and plastics and can be burned to produce power.
11. 11. Engineers and scientists are researching pyrolysis oil as a potential substitute for petroleum.
12. 12. Renewable diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel are produced using the hydrotreating process, which combines hydrogen with bio-oil under extreme heat and pressure in the presence of a catalyst.
13. 13. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), which are used to make biodiesel, are created through the transesterification of vegetable oils, animal fats, and greases.
14. 14. Anaerobic digestion, which produces natural gas, and fermentation, which yields ethanol, are examples of biological conversion of biomass. To uphold environmental norms, the technological aspects of gasification using animal feces as biomass fuel can be discussed.
15. 15. Anaerobic digesters in sewage treatment facilities, dairy and cattle farms, and other locations produce biogas. If properly handled, renewable natural gas can take the place of natural gas from fossil fuels.
16. 16. In the absence of oxygen, microorganisms—typically bacteria—break down materials in a process known as anaerobic decomposition. In landfills, where biomass is crushed and compacted, an anaerobic environment is created; anaerobic decomposition is a crucial process.
17. 17. Thermo-chemical, biological, and on-site conversion techniques can be used to convert manure into biomass. However, if there is no need for it nearby or on-site where a biomass boiler is located, there is little advantage to producing biomass heat. After the moisture is removed, high-carbon solid biomass (such dried dung) can be burned to generate electricity by gas turbines.
18. 18. Biomass decomposed and releases methane, a major energy source, in an anaerobic environment. In place of fossil fuels, this methane can be used.
19. 19. An unusual organism with tremendous promise as a source of biomass energy is algae. Seaweed is the most well-known type of algae, and it can photosynthesise up to 30 times more quickly than any other type of feedstock for biofuels.
20. 20. Because algae can flourish in ocean water, freshwater resources are not depleted. Additionally, since it doesn't need soil, the amount of arable area that could support the growth of food crops is unaffected.
21. 21. Algae may be grown and replenished like a living entity, despite the fact that burning it causes carbon dioxide to be released. As it is refilled, it emits oxygen, removes contaminants, and captures carbon emissions.
22. 22. Biofuel can be made from the oils found in algae. When carbon dioxide is bubbled through algae, it promotes growth, photosynthesis, and energy production. Carbon emissions can be effectively filtered by algae. The potential for algae as a source of alternative energy is considerable. However, it costs money to transform it into usable forms.

Track – 4: Drawbacks of Bioenergy

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1. 1. There will be benefits and drawbacks to each sort of energy source. Burning biomass fuels can result in the production of numerous different gases, which is a significant drawback of using biomass as a fuel source.
2. 2. Despite the fact that biomass might be regarded as carbon-neutral, methane and other hazardous gases can still be produced throughout the process. Energy sector regulators are attempting to put in place technologies that produce fewer emissions.
3. 3. Biofuels are less efficient because they don't create as much energy as gasoline does. However, the production of hazardous gases, as seen in the case of fossil fuels, is significantly reduced by the use of gasoline and biofuel mixtures.
4. 4. Harvesting maize and other agricultural crops only for the purpose of generating energy results in the production of biomass fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Some contend that it would be better to use those resources to feed vulnerable populations rather than burning them to power automobiles since so many people worldwide suffer from food shortages and poverty.
5. 5. Despite its shortcomings, there are many more advantages than disadvantages. Biomass may be transformed into many energy forms, which can then be used in various ways, such as automotive fuel, as a source of energy for various businesses, and to produce electricity.

Track – 5: Basic of Waste to Energy

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1. 1. Similar to other power plants that use coal, oil, or natural gas as fuel, waste-to-energy uses rubbish as a source of energy. The steam produced by the burning fuel powers a turbine to produce energy. The method can prevent the release of one ton of carbon dioxide for every ton of waste burned and reduce the volume of a community's landfill by up to 90%.
2. 2. There are several methods for producing energy from garbage. These include anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, combustion, gasification, and landfill gas recovery.
3. 3. Modern combustion and biological technologies are used in waste-to-energy processes to extract energy from wastes. Waste material can be converted to energy via one of three main pathways: thermochemical, biochemical, or physicochemical.
4. 4. Thermochemical conversion, which is characterized by greater temperatures and conversion rates, works better with a feedstock that has lower moisture content and is typically less discriminating in terms of the products it produces. Biochemical technologies, on the other hand, are better suited for wet wastes that are high in organic matter.
5. 5. Combustion (in excess air), gasification (in diminished air), and pyrolysis (in the absence of air) are the three main techniques for the thermochemical conversion of wastes.
6. 6. Direct combustion is the most used method for generating heat and electricity from trash. Systems that produce both electricity and heat, known as combined heat and power (CHP) or cogeneration, offer much higher efficiency than systems that solely produce electricity.
7. 7. A complex air pollution control system is required to handle the flue gases generated by the boilers.
8. 8. In combustion technology, garbage is burned under regulated conditions while heat is recovered to create steam, which then powers steam turbines to generate electricity.
9. 9. As enhanced thermal treatment technologies that can replace incineration, pyrolysis and gasification are distinguished by the conversion of waste into product gas that can then be burned in a boiler or gas engine as an energy source. At present, plasma gasification, which occurs at extremely high temperatures, is also grabbing attention.
10. 10. Clean energy can also be produced via biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion in the form of biogas, which can then be used in a gas engine to generate electricity and heat.
11. 11. The natural biological process known as anaerobic digestion stabilizes organic waste in the absence of air and converts it into biofertilizers and biogas.
12. 12. Anaerobic digestion of organic materials to produce biogas is known as biomethanation. A dependable approach for the treatment of wet, organic waste is anaerobic digestion. In tightly regulated, oxygen-free conditions, organic waste from diverse sources is biochemically decomposed, producing biogas that can be utilized to generate both energy and heat.
13. 13. Additionally, a wide range of fuels, including gaseous fuels like hydrogen and methane, as well as liquid fuels like ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, and Fischer-Tropsch diesel, can be created from waste resources.
14. 14. A wide range of forestry and agricultural resources, industrial processing waste, municipal solid waste, and urban wood waste make up the resource base for the generation of biofuels. Biofuels are most frequently used to cook, heat houses, and power cars worldwide.
15. 15. The physicochemical technology uses a number of different techniques to enhance the chemical and physical characteristics of solid waste. The waste's combustible portion is processed into high-energy fuel pellets that can be utilized to create steam. To reduce the high levels of moisture, the waste is first dried. The waste is then mechanically separated from sand, grit, and other non-combustible material before being compacted and turned into pellets or refuse-derived fuel.
16. 16. As opposed to coal and wood, fuel pellets are cleaner, devoid of incombustible, have lower ash and moisture contents, are consistent in size, are more affordable, and are environmentally benign.
17. 17. For the convenient biodegradation of segregated organic wet wastes from hotels, restaurants, canteens, institutions, slaughterhouses, and vegetable markets, this technique can be used in a decentralized fashion.
18. 18. After any necessary processing, the residual from the incineration of solid waste can be securely disposed of in a landfill, while the resulting ash can be used as a building material.
19. 19. The gasifier uses biomass, agricultural residues, segregated MSW, and RDF pellets to create syngas. Additionally, this gas may be utilized for power or thermal generation.
20. 20. Gasification of trash is a desirable alternative to the thermal treatment of solid waste because it can produce power more effectively at lower power levels while simultaneously reducing emissions.

Track – 6: Advantages and Challenges Associated with Waste to Energy

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1. 1. In addition to producing clean, dependable electricity from a renewable fuel source, waste-to-energy lessens reliance on fossil fuels, the combustion of which is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
2. 2. Waste-to-energy is a method of reducing air and water pollution caused by trash. Waste-to-energy plants emit more air pollution than natural gas plants, but less than coal plants.
3. 3. It is carbon-negative because turning trash into fuel emits significantly less carbon and methane into the atmosphere than letting trash rot in a landfill or lake.
4. 4. To reduce the emission of air pollutants like nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulates from the flue gases released to the atmosphere and to eliminate pollutants already present in the waste, waste-to-energy plants use pollution control techniques like baghouses, scrubbers, and electrostatic precipitators.
5. 5. Waste in Waste to Energy plants is not separated. The amount of waste increases as a result of the mixed waste being burned. This affects the plant's ability to generate electricity and produces pollutants. Additionally, the burned residue must be disposed off in landfills.
6. 6. The ability to manage waste has not increased as quickly as the capacity to produce waste. The capacity of the municipality to manage the trash generated in terms of quantity and quality is vastly inadequate.
7. 7. Due to the availability of more affordable options, waste-to-energy plants do not attract many customers for the electricity they produce. The price of maintenance is expensive. These projects have extremely high unit tariff rates. Unsegregated waste cannot be burned without additional fuel, rendering the facility unprofitable. Those are the cause of the malfunctioning or closure of Waste to Energy plants in numerous cities.
8. 8. The waste that these plants are unable to adequately burn is highly varied and of poor quality. 30-40% of the waste that is intended for landfills must be rejected because it is either inert or of poor enough quality to not burn. It affects human health and the environment.
9. 9. Due to the enormous volume of mixed trash that these factories must manage, housekeeping is very difficult, resulting in a lot of gloomy and visual pollution.
10. 10. Carbon dioxide, one of the most significant greenhouse gases, is released when almost all of the carbon content in the garbage is burned for waste-to-energy.
11. 11. Even though waste-to-energy makes it possible to recover some resources, like metals, it frequently destroys resources like minerals, wood, plastic, and other materials that could have been recovered. This is especially true if municipal solid trash is not strictly separated before being burned.
12. 12. Waste-to-Energy has the potential to make recycling or other more environmentally friendly waste management practices less attractive. People are less inclined to participate in or make investments in more effective alternatives, such as reduction, reuse, or recycling, if they perceive that waste-to-energy is a workable sustainable energy source and waste management strategy. This is already evident in the fact that many waste-to-energy plants are categorized as renewable energy.
13. 13. Recycling dry and electronic garbage, installing biogas systems, and bio methanation can all help cut the amount of waste transported to landfills by 80% to 90%.
14. 14. It is more sustainable to install Waste-to-Energy Plants for a group of several cities or a bigger area rather than having one for each city. Long term, the government should support a circular economy that is more sustainable.
15. 15. As part of a larger waste management strategy that strives to increase recycling rates, many wealthy countries now export their waste to underdeveloped nations for processing. Although garbage is occasionally recycled, it is frequently just burned or used in facilities that turn it into energy.
16. 16. Need to approve a rule for low-capacity waste-to-energy plants that do not require any environmental clearance. Therefore, a public hearing may not be necessary in such instances. Rethinking this is necessary.
17. 17. Additionally, a law requiring the segregation of only non-recyclable high-calorific fractions, such as old rubber tires, multilayer plastics, discarded textiles, and paper, is required for the management of solid waste.
18. 18. Need to promote the creation of initiatives for energy recovery in the form of biogas, bio CNG, electricity from waste materials from industry, agriculture, and the city, as well as captive power and thermal use from gasification in industrial settings.
19. 19. Need to encourage the establishment of projects for the recovery of energy from municipal solid waste (MSW) for feeding power into the grid and for satisfying captive power, thermal, and vehicle fuel needs.
20. 20. To advocate for the use of biomass gasifiers to supply the grid with energy or to provide the captive energy and thermal demands of rice mills, other businesses, and rural communities.

Session – 3: Solar Energy

The third session is designed to discuss recent advancements, new research, current trends, improvements, challenges, benefits, policy, strategies, energy generation theory and principles, evolution, market growth factors, future, opportunities, public awareness, and many important aspects of the solar energy field. This session includes various tracks like the concept of solar energy, solar energy technologies, advantages of solar energy, disadvantages of solar energy, etc.

Track – 1: Concept of Solar Energy

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1. 1. Solar energy is produced by absorbing the Sun's heat and light. Once sunlight has travelled through the Earth's atmosphere, the majority of it is transformed into visible light and infrared radiation. Solar cell panels are used to convert these energies into electrical energy.
2. 2. The total amount of solar energy that strikes the surface of the globe is far more than what the entire world would ever need in terms of energy.
3. 3. If correctly utilized, it may provide for all future energy requirements. As a result, today's electricity is produced using solar energy.
4. 4. It is anticipated that solar energy would be the most alluring type of renewable energy. The only energy source that produces no pollution at all is solar energy.
5. 5. Depending on the method of conversion, solar energy can be divided into two categories: passive solar energy and active solar energy.
6. 6. Active solar technologies actively transform solar energy into another kind of energy, most frequently heat or electricity, using mechanical or electrical devices.
7. 7. There are no external devices required for passive solar technologies. Instead, they use the local weather to reflect heat in the summer and use it to heat structures in the winter.
8. 8. Thermal or electrical energy can be produced from solar energy.

Track – 2: Solar Energy Technologies

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1. 1. Photovoltaic cells and panels, concentrated solar energy, and solar architecture are some examples of solar energy technology.
2. 2. Photovoltaic solar energy: this energy is produced when solar energy is transformed into electricity.
3. 3. Concentrating solar power: this particular form of thermal energy is employed to produce electricity using sun energy.
4. 4. Energy by solar architecture: by transforming solar energy into heat with the help of architecture, this energy is produced.
5. 5. Solar energy can be used to generate electricity in a specific way. Photovoltaic cells are used to produce power from the sun. The method of using solar energy that is most widely known today is photovoltaics.
6. 6. Solar panels, which are made up of dozens or even hundreds of solar cells, are the most common component of photovoltaic arrays.
7. 7. Every solar cell has a semiconductor made of silicon. Metal and semiconductors, or two semiconductors (P-Type and N-Type), are used to build photovoltaic cells. In a P-type semiconductor, the majority of the charge carriers are holes (there are no electrons). The majority of the charge carriers in an N-type semiconductor are electrons.
8. 8. When light contacts the junction of a metal and a semiconductor, or two semiconductors, an electric voltage is produced. When sunlight is absorbed by the semiconductor, electrons are released from it.
9. 9. A single-directional electrical field directs these free electrons into an electric current. That current is directed to an outside object via metal contacts at the top and bottom of a solar cell. The external object can be as big as a power plant or as small as a solar-powered calculator.
10. 10. About two watts of power can be generated by one solar cell. Hundreds of thousands of kilowatts of power are produced by solar panels.
11. 11. Around the world, photovoltaic power plants have been constructed. The biggest stations are in India, China, and the United States.
12. 12. Initially, spaceships were the primary users of photovoltaics. Photovoltaic cells are used by several spacecraft, notably the International Space Station (ISS), to generate electricity. This power enables astronauts to operate the station, dwell in space for extended periods without risk, and carry out engineering and scientific studies.
13. 13. Concentrated solar power (CSP) is another sort of active solar technology. CSP technology concentrates (focuses) sunlight from a broad area into a much smaller area using lenses and mirrors.
14. 14. This concentrated area of radiation heats a fluid, which then powers an additional process or produces electricity.
15. 15. One application of concentrated solar power is solar furnaces. Solar furnaces come in a wide variety of designs, including solar power towers, parabolic troughs, and Fresnel reflectors. To capture and transform energy, all employ the same basic strategy.
16. 16. A container of water is heated by focused sunlight, and the resulting steam is used to turn a turbine. Liquid sodium, which has a higher heat capacity and maintains heat for a longer period of time, is being used in some solar power towers.
17. 17. Smaller-scale applications for concentrated solar power are also possible. For example, it can produce heat for solar ovens. Solar cookers are used by villagers all over the world to cook food and boil water for drinking and sanitation purposes.
18. 18. Thermal convection, or the transfer of heat from a hotter area to a cooler one, is a process that includes solar energy. The Earth's objects and materials start to warm up as soon as the sun rises. These substances absorb heat from sun rays all day long. The materials release their heat back into the environment at night after the sun has set and the atmosphere has cooled.
19. 19. Techniques for passive solar energy make use of this built-in heating and cooling system. Passive solar energy is used in homes and other structures to efficiently and economically transport heat.
20. 20. Oftentimes, passive solar technology is incorporated into building design. Radiant barriers, green roofs, and cool roofs are a few examples of passive solar design. Solar energy technology must incorporate techniques for storing the energy during the nighttime hours because sunlight only shines for about half of the day in the majority of places in the world.
21. 21. The energy is stored as heat in thermal mass systems using paraffin wax or different types of salt.

Track – 3: Need to Know about Solar Energy

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1. 1. Photovoltaic systems can store extra energy in rechargeable batteries or transfer it to the local power grid.
2. 2. Flat-plate collectors, used for solar heating applications, are among the most widespread technologies for capturing solar energy and transforming it into thermal energy.
3. 3. The most popular flat-plate collectors are made of a blackened metal plate that is covered in one or more glass sheets that are heated by sunlight.
4. 4. The carrier fluids that flow through the rear of the plate and into the air or water are then heated by this heat. Either the heat is transferred to another medium for storage or it is used immediately.
5. 5. For solar water heaters and home heating, flat-plate collectors are frequently utilized. Solar ponds, which are saltwater bodies created with solar energy collection and storage in mind, are another source of thermal energy conversion.
6. 6. In addition to being utilized to produce food, chemicals, textiles, and other industrial goods, the heat recovered from these ponds can also be used to warm cattle barns, swimming pools, and greenhouses.
7. 7. Due to their high installation and maintenance costs, solar ponds are typically only found in warm rural areas.
8. 8. Additionally, there is nearly constant access to solar energy throughout the facility, which helps to decrease the need for foreign energy imports, generate local wealth, and create jobs.
9. 9. These factors make solar energy production and effective solar energy use beneficial to sustainable development.
10. 10. A solar panel can last for up to 40 years.
11. 11. According to a recent study, solar energy helps save roughly 35 tons of carbon dioxide and 75 million barrels of oil annually.

Track – 4: Advantages of Solar Energy

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The following are some of the main advantages of solar energy:

1. 1. Compared to other non-renewable energy sources like coal, natural gas, etc., solar energy is the cleanest because it emits no pollution or carbon dioxide.
2. 2. It is important that solar energy does not create waste or contaminate water given the scarcity of water.
3. 3. Solar energy is a renewable energy source and the most abundant energy source on Earth as long as the sun is visible.
4. 4. There is no unreliability because this energy can be stored in the batteries.
5. 5. When solar panels are installed successfully, homes or businesses might even generate extra electricity. These property owners can cut or perhaps get rid of their electricity payments by selling energy back to the electric company.
6. 6. Anyone who has the technology to capture solar radiation can use solar energy for free.
7. 7. Solar energy is a renewable resource that can be directly harvested by a variety of technologies for use in buildings such as houses, offices, schools, and hospitals.
8. 8. In daily life, solar energy can be used in a variety of ways, including: for more effective water heating, solar energy is used to replace gas and electric heaters with solar water heaters.
9. 9. Food is prepared using solar cookers. Solar energy is used to warm, cook, and pasteurize food. A solar cooker has a raised heat sink so that food cooks properly when placed inside.
10. 10. Solar-powered desalination systems convert salt water into potable water by either directly or indirectly converting solar energy to heat.
11. 11. Buildings' rooftops or outside walls can be used to attach solar panels and cells, which will provide the building with electricity. They can be positioned alongside roadways to light them.
12. 12. Even more miniature gadgets, like calculators, parking meters, trash compactors, and water pumps, can be powered by solar energy.
13. 13. Solar technology is now an alternative energy source that can produce hydrogen in a clean, renewable manner.
14. 14. Artificial leaves are silicon-based devices that divide water into hydrogen and oxygen using solar energy while removing practically all impurities. This mimics the process of photosynthesis.

Track – 5: Disadvantages of Solar Energy

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1. 1. There are certain disadvantages to using solar power, including the fact that less solar energy is produced during the winter and on cloudy days.
2. 2. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these devices for industrial applications need to be improved.
3. 3. Despite being cost-free, solar energy is difficult to use effectively due to the high expenses associated with its collection, conversion, and storage.
4. 4. The cost of obtaining and installing solar technology equipment is very high.
5. 5. Equipment for solar energy is bulky and uses more space.
6. 6. A building's roof needs to be sturdy, sizable, and facing the sun's path in order to retrofit or install solar panels there.

Session – 4: Wind Energy and Geothermal Energy

The fourth session is designed to discuss recent advancements, new research, current trends, improvements, challenges, benefits, policy, strategies, energy generation theory and principles, evolution, market growth factors, future, opportunities, public awareness, and many important aspects of the wind energy and geothermal energy field. This session includes various tracks like wind energy and its principles, wind turbines, uses of wind energy, disadvantages of wind energy, advantages of wind energy, the concept of geothermal energy, various types of geothermal energy and their source, techniques for utilizing geothermal energy, pros and cons of geothermal power, etc.

Track – 1: Wind Energy and Its Principles

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1. 1. The most widely used method for capturing wind energy is through the use of wind turbines, though there are other methods as well. A wind turbine is a device that uses the force of the wind to produce electricity.
2. 2. Wind power is a sort of energy conversion where turbines convert wind kinetic energy into mechanical or electrical energy that may be used.
3. 3. Grain milling and water pumping have historically been two jobs that have been accomplished using wind power in the form of windmills.
4. 4. In order to generate electricity, modern commercial wind turbines use rotational energy to power an electrical generator. They are made up of a rotor or blade and a nacelle, which is an enclosure that contains a drive system on top of a tall tower.
5. 5. Wind is one of the most affordable and efficient renewable energy sources due to its low operating costs and extensive availability.
6. 6. One of the renewable energy technologies that are expanding fastest is wind power. The use of wind energy is expanding globally, in part because the cost has decreased.
7. 7. In the past two decades, the installed wind power capacity both onshore and offshore has expanded by about 82 times.
8. 8. Wind turbines function according to a straightforward principle: instead of utilizing energy to produce wind (like a fan does), wind turbines use the wind to generate power.
9. 9. The propeller-like blades of a turbine are moved by the wind around a rotor, which turns a generator, which produces electricity.
10. 10. Although there are numerous places in the world with strong wind speeds, the ideal places to harness wind energy are frequently remote areas.
11. 11. Wind resources are calculated using the area's average wind speed and the distribution of wind speed values.
12. 12. Offshore wind power has a lot of potential.
13. 13. Due to the fact that it is a clean and renewable energy source, it lowers greenhouse gas emissions and protects the environment.
14. 14. Wind energy has been used to propel sail-powered boats or to turn mill blades since the dawn of civilization. Since the beginning of the 20th century, power has been produced by wind turbines.
15. 15. In wind farms, wind turbines are usually grouped together to increase energy efficiency and minimize environmental effects.
16. 16. A wind turbine has a lifespan of twenty years.

Track – 2: Wind Turbines

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1. 1. The two primary types of wind turbines are vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) and horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs).
2. 2. The most popular kind of wind turbines are HAWTs. They usually have two or three long, thin blades, giving them the appearance of an airplane propeller. The blades are set up to face directly into the wind.
3. 3. These turbines, which resemble windmills, feature three blades attached to a tower. When most people think of wind power, horizontal-axis wind turbines come to mind.
4. 4. VAWTs have curved blades that are shorter and wider and more resemble the beaters of an electric mixer.
5. 5. Foundation, tower, rotor, nacelle, and generator are the five main parts of a wind turbine.
6. 6. 100 kilowatts, or enough energy to power a house, can be produced by a single wind turbine. The largest turbines have a power output that ranges from 4.8 to 9.5 megawatts.
7. 7. Wind turbines can be separate buildings or they can be grouped together in a wind farm. While a single turbine can produce enough electricity to meet a single home's energy demands, a wind farm can produce far more electricity, enough to power thousands of houses.
8. 8. To benefit from natural breezes, wind farms are typically built on top of mountains or in other windy areas.
9. 9. Onshore (on land) or offshore (at sea) are two possible locations for wind farms. The tops of hills, vast plains, and other places with strong, consistent winds are the greatest places for wind farms.
10. 10. The potential wind resource in a region is affected by a variety of factors. Wind speed, air density, and blade radius are the three key variables that affect power output.
11. 11. The typical operating speed range for wind turbines is 7 mph (11 km/h) to 56 mph (90 km/h). They typically attain their peak efficiency at about 18 mph (29 km/h), and their peak output at 27 mph (43 km/h).
12. 12. The local air density, which depends on altitude, pressure, and temperature, affects power output. Denser air presses more forcefully against the rotors, increasing power output.
13. 13. In order to produce the most power, wind turbines are built with the largest possible rotor blade radius. By forcing more air through the rotors, larger blades enable the turbine to capture more of the kinetic energy of the wind. Larger blades, however, need more room and stronger winds to function.
14. 14. Turbines are typically spaced four times the rotor diameter apart. This separation is required to prevent turbine interference, which lowers power output.
15. 15. The goal is to make wind turbines as invisible as possible; hence they often are either white or a very light grey colour. There is debate over whether they ought to be painted different colours, particularly green, in some contexts to assist them in better blending in with their surroundings.
16. 16. The blades of wind turbines can be produced from a combination of glass fiber, reinforced polyester, resin, and plastic.
17. 17. Wind turbine towers are often composed of steel. A wind turbines main frame may also include trace amounts of cast iron, aluminum, and copper.

Track – 3: Uses of Wind Energy

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1. 1. In distributed applications, small wind turbines are frequently used. Residential, agricultural, small commercial and industrial applications make up the majority of the usage for single little wind turbines with a capacity of fewer than 100 kilowatts.
2. 2. Wind power can be used to pump water. In places like water pumping facilities, small wind turbines are also used.
3. 3. Wind energy can be used to power vehicles.
4. 4. Wind energy is an excellent source of electricity.
5. 5. Wind energy can be used for sailing cargo ships.
6. 6. Wind energy can be used in sports.
7. 7. When electricity is produced, it can be used immediately, connected to the electrical grid, or stored for later use. Numerous businesses combine batteries with their wind turbines so that as electricity is produced from wind energy, it may be immediately stored.
8. 8. As energy storage technology continues to get more affordable, it might be viable to rely more on wind power.

Track – 4: Advantages of Wind Energy

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1. 1. One of the cleanest forms of electricity is wind. Wind turbine energy production doesn't release any greenhouse emissions.
2. 2. It is true that some pollution is released during wind turbine production, transportation, and installation. However, it falls well short of the levels of emissions brought on by the combustion of fossil fuels.
3. 3. The energy source is not exhausted when wind energy is used, making it a renewable energy source. Therefore, using wind energy does not reduce the amount of wind that is accessible.
4. 4. Solar farms are vast because wind turbines cannot be located too close to one another. However, the actual wind turbines don't occupy a lot of room. As farming may be done in the space between each turbine, wind farms are common in rural locations.
5. 5. Furthermore, each turbine has the capacity to generate a sizable amount of electricity - enough to run more than 2,000 households.
6. 6. Using wind power helps conserve water resources.
7. 7. Although wind turbines are expensive up front, the electricity they produce is inexpensive since there is no fuel expense for the turbines.
8. 8. Year after year, the wind energy business expanded quickly. Numerous new occupations have been made possible by this increase.
9. 9. The use of wind energy is expanding in nations including India, the US, Denmark, Brazil, Japan, Indonesia, Germany, South Korea, Australia, Russia, and the UK.

Track – 5: Disadvantages of Wind Energy

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1. 1. The sitting criteria, such as wind availability, aesthetic and environmental considerations, and land availability, are obstacles to the widespread application of wind energy.
2. 2. In locations with continuously strong winds, wind farms are most cost-effective; however, these locations are not often close to densely populated areas.
3. 3. To convey this electricity to consumers is required of power lines and other electrical distribution system components.
4. 4. Additionally, as wind is a variable and erratic energy source, power storage may be required.
5. 5. Costly installation is involved. The cost of installing a wind turbine is high, despite costs decreasing with time.
6. 6. Wind Turbine generators across the landscape can be dangerous to birds colliding with the blades. Public advocacy organizations have expressed worry over the potential effects that wind farms may have on the surrounding animals and aesthetics.
7. 7. Although wind turbines have been accused of killing and maiming birds, research has revealed that their impact on bird populations is negligible.
8. 8. Wind turbines must be erected in an area where they can generate enough electricity for them to be economically feasible.
9. 9. Some residents who live close to wind turbines complain about the noise.
10. 10. The generator inside the turbine produces a mechanical hum, but the good news is that more recent wind turbines produce far less noise than older turbines, and they are probably going to get much quieter as technology advances.
11. 11. In order to capture enough wind, wind turbines must be constructed high, which makes them a noticeable feature of any landscape. Although this is more of a matter of personal taste, some people perceive enormous wind turbines to be an eyesore.
12. 12. The wind turbine blades might be harmed by powerful storms and strong winds. For those who are working close, the malfunctioning blade may present a safety risk.
13. 13. The newest designs differ from the bulky, primitive windmills of the past. Instead, they have a sleek, contemporary design, and are white. Preliminary wind turbine designs have been developed into incredibly effective energy harvesters thanks to recent technological advancements.

Track – 6: The Concept of Geothermal Energy

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1. 1. Thermal energy created and kept in the Earth's crust is known as geothermal energy. Due to the ongoing nuclear fusion process, the temperature in the centre of the Earth is almost constant like the Sun.
2. 2. Since to the intense heat and pressure, some rocks melt, which causes the mantle to rise since the lighter materials are drawn upward by the heat.
3. 3. These molten rocks, which originated in the Earth's crust, are driven upward where they become stuck in particular regions known as "hot spots."
4. 4. When the hot area and the underground water come into touch, steam is created. This hot water-formed zone occasionally finds exits near the surface. Hot springs are the places where this hot water erupts from one of these openings.
5. 5. The difference in temperature between the planet's crust and core is referred to as a geothermal gradient. The geothermal gradient is what propels the steady flow of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface.
6. 6. Different forms of geothermal energy are accessible around the world.
7. 7. Geothermal heat is a readily available source of heat that may be used almost anywhere in the world.

Track – 7: Various Types of Geothermal Energy and Their Source

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1. 1. Heat pockets around 150° C are used to generate low-temperature geothermal energy.
2. 2. A few meters below the surface are where you can find the majority of low-temperature geothermal energy pockets.
3. 3. Although it can occasionally be utilized to produce electricity, low-temperature energy is more effective when used for heating.
4. 4. Low-temperature geothermal resources are used for greenhouses, aquaculture ponds, winter home heating, and therapeutic baths.
5. 5. It is also a top supplier for sectors including pasteurizing milk, cooking, dehydrating produce, and drying wood.
6. 6. Co-produced geothermal energy is another type of geothermal energy. Other energy sources are needed for co-produced geothermal energy technologies.
7. 7. As a by-product of oil and gas wells, heated water is used in this type of geothermal energy.
8. 8. It has recently come to be known as a possible source of even more energy: its steam can be used to create electricity that can be used right away or sold to the grid.
9. 9. The ability to move co-produced geothermal energy facilities has been made possible by newer technologies.
10. 10. Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) harness the heat from the Earth and may be installed in practically any place.
11. 11. GHPs are substantially shallower than most oil and natural gas wells, with drilling depths ranging from 10 to 300 feet.
12. 12. A pipe attached to a GHP is set up in a continuous loop, known as a slinky loop, that travels both above and below ground, typically across an entire building.
13. 13. Liquids such as water, glycerol, or others flow through the pipe in this system.
14. 14. The liquid collects geothermal heat from underneath during the winter months. It radiates warmth through a duct system as it transports heat upward through the structure.
15. 15. The cost of heating the water can be reduced by allowing these heated pipes to pass through hot water tanks.
16. 16. In the heat of the summer, the GHP system operates in the reverse manner: The liquid in the pipes absorbs heat from the building or parking lot and transfers it to the subterranean cooling system.

Track – 8: Techniques for Utilizing Geothermal Energy

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1. 1. Many nations have created techniques for utilizing geothermal energy. Geothermal power plants rely on heat that is present a few kilometers beneath the Earth's surface to gather the energy necessary to produce electricity.
2. 2. Utilizing natural subsurface supplies of steam, dry-steam power plants generate electricity.
3. 3. In this kind of power plant, a hole is dug deep into the earth, through which a pipe is put to harness geothermal energy.
4. 4. Through this conduit, the steam that has been trapped in the rocks is transported to the earth's surface. The turbine blades of an electric generator are then turned by this steam.
5. 5. Flash-steam power plants are an additional variety of geothermal power plant.
6. 6. Underground hot water and steam are used in flash-steam power plants as natural resources.
7. 7. A low-pressure area is pumped with water that has a temperature higher than 185°C. A portion of the water flashes or quickly evaporates into steam, which is then directed outside to drive a turbine and produce electricity.
8. 8. To gain more energy, residual water can be flashed in a different tank.
9. 9. The steam and excess warm water produced by the flash-steam technique are used to heat the frozen parking lots and sidewalks during the freezing winter.
10. 10. Binary cycle power plants are the other form of geothermal power plant.
11. 11. This kind of power plant employs a distinctive procedure to preserve water and produce heat.
12. 12. Nearly 110°–185°C of water is heated underground. The pipe carrying the hot water circulates above the ground.
13. 13. The liquid organic substance is heated by hot water because it has a lower boiling point than water. When an organic liquid is heated, it produces steam, which turns a turbine and drives a generator to produce electricity.
14. 14. In this process, steam is the only emission. The water in the pipe is reused and re-injected into the earth, where it will once more be warmed by the Earth and utilized to heat the organic compound.

Track – 9: Pros and Cons of Geothermal Power

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1. 1. Geothermal power is cheap and plentiful.
2. 2. Since no toxic gases or by-products are produced during the usage of geothermal energy, it is non-polluting and environmentally beneficial.
3. 3. Geothermal power facilities are extremely advanced and require much research before being built. This creates a significant amount of skilled and unskilled labourer work at every step of production and management.
4. 4. Geothermal energy is also more affordable than conventional energy, offering savings of up to 80% when compared to fossil fuels.
5. 5. Despite the high initial cost of installation, maintenance, and repair are extremely inexpensive.
6. 6. Additionally, geothermal energy has a few drawbacks: Geothermal energy can only be effectively used close to where it is generated; it cannot be moved readily.
7. 7. There is a possibility that harmful chemicals like sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide will be discharged into the atmosphere.
8. 8. A lot of study must be done before installing a geothermal plant.
9. 9. Roadways, structures, pipelines, and natural drainage systems can all be harmed by power plants.
10. 10. Deep-earth geothermal plant drilling is a risky approach that puts the lives of everyone engaged at risk.
11. 11. In the past ten years, the price of geothermal energy technology has decreased, making it more affordable for both consumers and businesses.

Session – 5: Hydro Energy and Tidal Energy

The fifth session is for discussing various important topics of hydro energy and tidal energy like recent advancements, new research, current trends, improvements, challenges, benefits, policy, strategies, energy generation theory and principles, evolution, market growth factors, future, opportunities, public awareness, and other related topics of hydro energy and tidal energy. This session includes many tracks like theory of hydropower, hydroelectric power plant, benefits of hydroelectric power, drawbacks of hydroelectric power, future of hydro energy, tidal power generation methods, uses and advantages of tidal energy, negative repercussions of tidal energy, etc.

Track – 1: Theory of Hydropower

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1. 1. The term "hydropower" or "hydroelectric power" refers to a particular form of electricity generated by turbines that turn the potential energy of falling or swiftly flowing water into mechanical energy.
2. 2. Water possesses mass. Gravity causes it to descend and flow downward. It possesses kinetic energy that can be used when it moves.
3. 3. For thousands of years, people have used this force. There are numerous ways to capture hydroelectric energy.
4. 4. The most popular way to harness water power is through a hydroelectric dam, where water flowing through a region spins turbines and the energy is stored to power a generator.
5. 5. Tidal forces and wave power, which harness the energy of waves, are other sources of energy that can be used to produce electricity.
6. 6. Water energy from rivers or dams is converted into electricity through the process of hydroelectricity. The higher level potential energy of the water is converted to kinetic energy in a hydroelectric power plant by allowing it to flow more swiftly.
7. 7. Behind the dams, the potential energy of the naturally flowing water in high rivers is stored.
8. 8. Most hydroelectric power plants contain a reservoir to store water, a valve or gate to regulate the amount of water that flows out of the reservoir, and an outlet to allow the water go once it has run downstream.
9. 9. This water's potential energy is transformed into the kinetic energy of large water wheels, or turbines, at a hydroelectric power plant, which causes the turbines to begin revolving.
10. 10. The generator's turbine is turned by the quickly falling water. As a result, the kinetic energy of the water is converted into mechanical energy for the turbine.
11. 11. The electric generator's armature is connected to the axle of the turbine. As a result, the turbine's rotation now causes the armature to spin in the magnetic field of the generator. The mechanical energy of the generator's spinning mechanism is consequently converted to electrical energy.
12. 12. The generator-safe alternating voltage is then changed into a greater voltage for long-distance transmission using transformers.
13. 13. As a result, the hydroelectric power plant produces electrical energy, which is then provided to the clients of the power plant.
14. 14. The structure housing the generators and turbines is referred to as the powerhouse. In certain dams, the powerhouse is built on one of the dam's flanks, with the remaining portion serving as a spillway for the outflow of extra water during floods.
15. 15. The powerhouse might be placed inside the dam itself when the river flows through a constrained, steep gorge.

Track – 2: Hydroelectric Power Plant

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1. 1. There are four basic types of hydroelectric generating plants, with impoundment facilities being the most prevalent. To control the flow of water stocked in a pool or reservoir, a dam is utilized in an impoundment plant.
2. 2. When more energy is needed, the dam releases water. Gravity takes over after the water is released, causing it to flow downward through a turbine. A generator is powered by the turbine's spinning blades.
3. 3. Second type of hydroelectric generating facility is a diversion facility. The fact that this kind of plant doesn't use a dam makes it special. The river's movement is instead directed in the direction of the turbines that power the generators using a system of canals.
4. 4. The third type of plant is referred to as a pumped-storage facility. Water is pumped uphill from a pool at a lower level to a reservoir at a higher elevation as part of the plant's energy storage process.
5. 5. A higher pool's water is released when there is a significant demand for electricity. More power is produced as a result of the turbine being turned by the water as it returns to the lower reservoir.
6. 6. In the fourth type, to benefit from the rise and fall of tides, hydroelectric power plants have been built in some coastal regions. A reservoir or reservoirs are filled with water when the tide comes in. These reservoirs' water is released at low tide to power hydraulic turbines for electric generation.

Track – 3: Benefits of Hydroelectric Power

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1. 1. Hydroelectric power has a lot of wonderful benefits, such as energy independence and being a sustainable source of energy in the future. Because it uses water to generate electricity rather than consuming it, hydropower is a renewable type of energy.
2. 2. Water is almost always present and can be used to generate hydroelectric energy, which is one of the key advantages of hydro energy. Water is a resource that never runs out because of the water cycle. One of the most eco-friendly energy-generating methods currently accessible is hydroelectricity.
3. 3. It also offers a consistent source of clean energy without utilizing fossil fuels or emitting any harmful emissions. The fact that hydroelectric energy is among the most effective energy sources in the world is one of its main advantages.
4. 4. Water-to-power conversion using hydro energy is up to 90% efficient. The efficiency of wind, solar, and coal power are all significantly lower than that of hydropower, ranging from 27 to 46 percent, 32 to 38 percent, and 35 to 42 percent, respectively.
5. 5. Because water flow is only interrupted for routine maintenance, repairs, and upgrades, hydroelectric energy also benefits from little to no downtime.
6. 6. On the other hand, the output of solar power falls off every night as the sun sets, and the usefulness of wind power depend on the presence of a constant breeze. The flow of water used to produce power can easily be altered to fit supply and demand.
7. 7. Energy waste is thereby reduced because electricity may be made available when it is required. However, for other sources of energy including sun, wind, and coal energy production are continuous.
8. 8. Hydroelectric dams have historically been quite safe compared to many other energy-generating methods. Once a hydroelectric dam is operational, the cost of maintenance and personnel salaries is very minimal, despite the fact that the initial investment may be substantial.
9. 9. Additionally, the cost of water is more stable than that of imported and conventional fossil fuels.
10. 10. Reservoirs are often created by dams, and these areas are great for boating, windsurfing, swimming, fishing, and other activities.
11. 11. The building of dams aids in flood control, the storage of rainwater, and the provision of irrigation for nearby farms.
12. 12. Even in rural locations, hydroelectric power facilities may provide a significant amount of electricity.
13. 13. Hydroelectric power can also encourage the building of new highways, draw in different businesses, and enhance trade as a whole.
14. 14. Hydropower stations frequently serve as sites for the preservation of biodiversity because the presence of huge volumes of water in reservoirs promotes the growth of vegetation, which in turn attracts animals.
15. 15. All of these advantages contribute to raising the general standard of living for locals who use this energy source.

Track – 4: Drawbacks of Hydroelectric Power

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1. 1. Hydroelectric power has a lot of advantages as well as drawbacks. Dams have the capacity to hurt or otherwise have an impact on the ecosystem both upstream and downstream through their construction.
2. 2. To build a dam, new roads and electrical lines must be installed, posing an environmental risk.
3. 3. The majority of concerns or problems that have arisen in older dams are the result of subpar construction and lax safety measures. Dam failures and construction mishaps both carry the risk of serious damage or death.
4. 4. Dams can also produce reservoirs that flood large areas and destroy natural habitats. When dams flood areas, they leave behind pockets of still or stagnant water that destroy flora and cause it to decompose, emitting greenhouse gases.
5. 5. All varieties of aquatic plant life can be harmed by the rise in carbon dioxide and methane emissions from a hydropower plant, which can negatively affect the environment in the area.
6. 6. Fish migration can also be significantly impacted by obstacles to water flow, especially for species like salmon that depend on rivers for spawning.
7. 7. Even the biological signals that instruct fish where to go when it's time to migrate might be impacted by dams. Some dams have made an effort to solve this hydroelectric power disadvantage by constructing fish elevators or fish ladders to aid migratory fish in reaching their spawning grounds.
8. 8. Dam construction restricts water flow, which reduces the water's oxygen content. Lower oxygen concentrations behind the dam may also lower concentrations downstream.
9. 9. Less oxygen in the water makes it harder for some fish species to thrive, which affects the habitats of rivers.
10. 10. Both people and animals are ejected from their natural habitats by reservoirs. Dams have uprooted indigenous cultures and devastated towns, villages, and cities. People have occasionally been forcibly removed from their homes because of construction after being threatened with violence if they don't leave.
11. 11. Flooding in lower elevations is also more likely as a result of the development of a hydroelectric facility. Those who reside at lower elevations risk having their lives dramatically and possibly permanently changed if the dam were to suddenly release powerful water currents.
12. 12. Building a dam for hydroelectric power first need a significant amount of cost.
13. 13. Additionally, you cannot merely erect a dam wherever you like.
14. 14. Low water levels can have a negative influence on energy output during periods of drought in any season, which is a drawback of hydroelectric power.
15. 15. The seismicity in a region is impacted by changes in the gravity field due to reservoir water levels, which also affect surrounding places.
16. 16. The Earth would become slightly more rounded in the centre and flat on the poles as a result of the shift in water mass retained by the dams, which would also lengthen the Earth's day overall by a few microseconds.

Track – 5: Future of Hydro Energy

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1. 1. The most popular renewable electricity source is hydroelectricity. Only after thermal power is hydropower vital.
2. 2. The largest hydroelectricity producer is China. India, the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Russia are some of the other top nations in the world for hydropower production.
3. 3. On Earth, hydropower accounts for about 71 percent of all the renewable energy produced as electricity.
4. 4. Since hydropower facilities produce electricity quickly, they can offer crucial backup power during prolonged power outages.
5. 5. Flood management, irrigation support, and water delivery are all made possible by hydropower.
6. 6. By offering crucial power, storage, flexibility, and climate mitigation services, contemporary hydropower facilities are assisting in hastening the switch to clean energy.
7. 7. In order to provide safe, clean electrical networks and achieve global net zero ambitions, hydropower is a crucial resource.
8. 8. Almost 20% of the world's power is generated by hydropower facilities. If all of the resources in the rivers and lakes were used, this figure might be treble.
9. 9. As the demand for renewable energy rises as we become more aware of the limitations of fossil fuels, hydro will assume a prominent role.

Track – 6: Information Related to Tidal Energy

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1. 1. Tidal energy is a type of renewable energy that is produced by using innovative methods to transform energy from tides into electricity.
2. 2. The ocean waters that rise and fall with the tides provide tidal energy. As a result of the gravitational pull of the Earth, Moon, and Sun, which causes tides, tidal energy is essentially limitless and is categorized as a renewable energy source.
3. 3. In places where the tidal range (the difference in area between high tide and low tide is large), engineers have created ways to use tidal movement to generate power. To turn tidal energy into electricity, each approach employs specialized generators.
4. 4. The development of tidal energy is very limited. So far, there hasn't been much power generated.
5. 5. It has historically been plagued with somewhat expensive costs and a lack of web locations with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow speeds. There aren't many tidal power plants that are large enough to be used commercially.
6. 6. Since there is no sufficient assurance that tidal energy would generate profits or help consumers, investors are not overly excited about it.
7. 7. To enhance the quantity of electricity tidal energy generators produce, lessen their environmental impact, and find a method to make money for energy firms, engineers are working to advance the technology behind it.
8. 8. There is a lot more potential for this kind of energy to be used in France, South Korea, England, China, India, Canada, and Russia.

Track – 7: Tidal Power Generation Methods

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1. 1. Tidal energy can now be obtained in four main ways: tidal streams, tidal barrages, dynamic tidal power and tidal lagoons.
2. 2. For the bulk of tidal energy generators, turbines are located in tidal streams. A stream that moves quickly through the water is called a tidal stream. A device that harvests energy from a fluid flow is a turbine.
3. 3. Tidal energy outperforms wind energy because water has a considerably higher density than air.
4. 4. A consistent, dependable stream of electricity is produced wherever tidal turbines are employed.
5. 5. As the devices are huge and disturb the tide they are seeking to harness, placing turbines in tidal streams is challenging.
6. 6. Depending on the size of the turbine and the location of the tidal stream, there may be a serious environmental impact. Shallow water is where turbines work best.
7. 7. The slow rotation of the turbine blades of a tidal generator also aids in preventing marine animals from being entangled in the apparatus.
8. 8. In the second type, a big barrage-style dam is used by a different kind of tidal energy producer. With a barrage, water might leak over the top or through the dam's turbines due to the low height of the structure.
9. 9. Tides-affected rivers, bays, and estuaries can be blocked off with barricades. Similar to how a river dam uses the power of a river, turbines inside the barrage use the power of tides.
10. 10. As the tide rises, the barrage gates are open. The barrage gates close during high tide, forming a pool or tidal lagoon.
11. 11. After the water is released through the barrage's turbines, engineers may adjust the rate at which energy is produced.
12. 12. Compared to a single turbine, a barrage is a far more expensive tidal energy source. Barrages require greater building and more machinery despite having no fuel expenditures.
13. 13. In addition, barrages need regular supervision to regulate power output, unlike single turbines.
14. 14. In the third type, the difference between the potential and kinetic energies of tides is used in the technology known as dynamic tidal power.
15. 15. Since long dams are constructed from coasts directly into the sea or ocean, the tides in the locations where these systems might be used typically flow parallel to their respective coasts.
16. 16. One side of the dam has higher water levels than the other during tidal movements. This water drives a number of turbines that are built inside the dam as it passes through it, which in turn produces electricity.
17. 17. In order to produce power both when the tide comes in and goes out, these dams are also equipped with bi-directional turbines that flip 180 degrees after each tide.
18. 18. Since they allow the power output to essentially double, bi-directional turbines have a significant benefit for these kinds of systems.
19. 19. Building tidal lagoons is the fourth type method of generating energy from the tides. An oceanic body of water that is partially surrounded by a natural or artificial barrier is called a tidal lagoon.
20. 20. Tidal lagoons may also be estuaries and receive freshwater inflow. Similar to a barrage, electricity could be produced utilizing tidal lagoons. Tidal lagoons can be built along the existing shoreline, unlike barrages.
21. 21. Continuous electricity could also be produced via a tidal lagoon power plant. As the lagoon fills and empties, the turbines start operation to produce electricity.
22. 22. However, the amount of energy generated by generators using tidal lagoons is likely insignificant.

Track – 8: Uses and Advantages of Tidal Energy

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1. 1. Tidal energy can be employed in grain mills, much like wind energy, for the mechanical crushing of grains.
2. 2. Tidal energy is also used to power hydroelectric dams, which serve as significant energy reservoirs.
3. 3. It is possible to modify tidal reservoirs and barricades to store energy.
4. 4. Tidal energy produces electricity.
5. 5. Tidal Barrages have the ability to protect the coast from harm during strong storms.
6. 6. Additionally, they facilitate easy transportation between an estuary's or bay's two arms.
7. 7. Lagoons can be built using rock, a natural material for construction. They would be submerged during high tide and would resemble a low breakwater (sea wall) during low tide.
8. 8. Both larger and smaller species could swim inside and around the structure. Smaller fish would likely flourish because large predators like sharks would not be able to enter the lagoon.
9. 9. Many birds would probably congregate there.
10. 10. Lower salinity in the tidal lagoon alters the types of species that can survive there. Fish cannot enter or exit the tidal lagoon, just like when dams are built across rivers.
11. 11. Tidal energy uses a very small area for energy production, which is one of its main advantages.
12. 12. It is simpler to create a system with precise dimensions to generate energy since tidal currents or waves are quite predictable.
13. 13. Because water has a far higher density than air, electricity may be produced at very low speeds. Additionally, power can be produced at a water speed of roughly 1 m/s.

Track – 9: Negative Repercussions of Tidal Energy

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1. 1. On marine life, tidal energy has some negative repercussions. The turbine's whirling blades are quite dangerous. Marine animals can become entangled in the rotating blades of turbines, which move swiftly in barrages.
2. 2. Although systems like the one in Strangford have a security measure that turns off the turbine when marine creatures approach, it can unintentionally kill swimming water life.
3. 3. The ground inside the tidal range is totally destabilized.
4. 4. Making a shower could alter the coastline of the bay or stream, which would have an impact on the enormous ecology that depends on tidal flats.
5. 5. Birds may select alternative migration routes if their food supply is restricted.
6. 6. Tidal energy is not that much popular type of energy source like other renewable energy sources. In recent days the uses of tidal energy are very less. Few countries use this energy.
7. 7. Tidal energy has the potential to produce electricity in the future, while not being commonly employed.

Session – 6: Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Nuclear Fusion

The sixth session is for discussing various important topics hydrogen fuel cells and nuclear fusion like recent advancements, new research, current trends, improvements, challenges, benefits, policy, strategies, energy generation theory and principles, evolution, market growth factors, future, opportunities, public awareness, and other related topics of hydrogen fuel cells and nuclear fission. This session includes many tracks like fundamentals of hydrogen fuel cells, how hydrogen fuel cell works, uses of hydrogen fuel cells, advantages of hydrogen fuel cells, disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cells, is nuclear fusion a renewable energy, advantages of nuclear fusion, etc.

Track – 1: Fundamentals of Hydrogen Fuel Cells

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1. 1. A reliable, efficient, quiet, and clean source of high-quality electric power is hydrogen fuel cells.
2. 2. They fuel an electrochemical process that generates electricity with hydrogen, and the only by-products are water and heat.
3. 3. Scientists have been studying the usage of hydrogen as an alternative fuel for the past few years and have discovered hydrogen fuel.
4. 4. It is a fuel that produces no emissions when oxygen and hydrogen are burned together.
5. 5. In comparison to gasoline and diesel, this alternative fuel has a higher energy output. It is three times more efficient than gasoline, to be exact.
6. 6. Since fuel cells that run on hydrogen have the best performance and the least negative environmental effects, hydrogen and fuel cells are typically seen as being inseparable.
7. 7. Like electricity, hydrogen is a carrier of energy rather than a fundamental source.
8. 8. There aren't any sources of pure hydrogen in nature. In a process, water can be electrolyzed to create hydrogen.
9. 9. A large quantity of electricity is required to cause electrolysis to occur, and most of it is currently produced by burning fossil fuels or nuclear energy.
10. 10. Each fuel cell has two electrodes: a negative anode and a positive cathode. An electrolyte is used to transport electrically charged particles during the electrical reaction, which takes place at these electrodes and is sped up by a catalyst.
11. 11. A hydrogen fuel cell uses hydrogen as its primary fuel, but it also needs oxygen to function.
12. 12. Given that water is produced as a by-product of the hydrogen and oxygen required to generate electricity, one of the biggest benefits of these fuel cells is that they produce power with very little pollution.
13. 13. Pure hydrogen-fueled cells are entirely carbon-free.
14. 14. With combined heat and power generators, this can be further enhanced by using the cell's waste heat for heating or cooling purposes.
15. 15. Hydrocarbon fuels like biogas, natural gas, or methanol are used in several other kinds of fuel cell systems.

Track – 2: How Hydrogen Fuel Cell Works

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1. 1. Compared to conventional energy production techniques, fuel cells can reach better efficiency because they use an electrochemical process rather than burning.
2. 2. While oxygen is delivered to the cathode of a hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen atoms enter at the anode of the fuel cell.
3. 3. A membrane with a catalyst coating makes up the fuel cell. The hydrogen molecules are divided into hydrogen ions and electrons when they come into contact with the catalyst.
4. 4. While the negatively charged electrons travel a distinct path as they are compelled through a circuit to produce electricity, the positively charged protons move through the electrolyte or membrane to the cathode.
5. 5. The electrons and protons flow through the membrane and circuit in the proper order before coming together at the cathode, where they react with oxygen to create heat and water as by-products.
6. 6. Since individual fuel cells can only produce a limited amount of electricity, stacks of fuel cells are used to build the necessary amount of power to run a power plant, a small digital gadget, or a car.
7. 7. In theory, a fuel cell functions similarly to a battery, with the exception that it produces its own electricity from the hydrogen stored onboard as opposed to needing to be recharged.
8. 8. As long as the fuel source (hydrogen) is available, fuel cells will not deplete themselves or require recharge.
9. 9. Again, this means hydrogen fuel cells can give longer driving ranges and are consequently more practical for long-distance transportation
10. 10. Hydrogen fuel cells can be used for powering larger construction machinery.
11. 11. A fuel cell operates silently and is extremely dependable because it just has three components: an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte membrane.

Track – 3: Uses of Hydrogen Fuel Cells

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1. 1. Stationary power sources and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are the two main uses of hydrogen fuel cells.
2. 2. For decades, stationary fuel cells have been being developed to produce power. The power output of stationary fuel cells can be a few kilowatts or as much as one megawatt or more.
3. 3. They are used to run remote off-grid telecommunication towers, grocery stores, computer centers, and office buildings.
4. 4. The ability to locate them on-site eliminates electrical transmission losses and improves system efficiency as a whole.
5. 5. Owners of fuel cells can function independently from the power grid, which is crucial for organizations that cannot afford interruptions in their power supply.
6. 6. In order to further improve system efficiency, the heat generated by the fuel cell can be used to heat space, industrial operations, and water.
7. 7. A hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is a form of electric vehicle that is powered by a fuel cell rather than a battery.
8. 8. Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have a driving range of 250 to 400 miles per tank of fuel, which is comparable to a car with an internal combustion engine.
9. 9. Although hydrogen refuelling infrastructure is not yet present in the majority of the country, FCVs are commercially accessible for lease.
10. 10. An electric drive system is two to three times more efficient than an internal combustion engine, even if consider the cost of hydrogen is more expensive than gasoline on an energy equivalent basis, the fuel prices are about similar when considering the distance travelled.

Track – 4: Advantages of Hydrogen Fuel Cells

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1. 1. Compared to conventional combustion-based technologies, fuel cells are more efficient and produce less pollutant. There are no emissions of carbon dioxide or other pollutants into the atmosphere because hydrogen fuel cells only release water.
2. 2. The most prevalent element in the universe, hydrogen, is also the most abundant and renewable source of energy. Because of its abundance and renewable nature, hydrogen is ideal for our future zero-carbon combined heat and power supply demands.
3. 3. A high-density energy source with good energy efficiency is offered by hydrogen fuel cell technology.
4. 4. Of all the main fuels, hydrogen has the highest energy per unit of weight. Many other energy sources, including many green energy options, are less efficient than hydrogen fuel cells.
5. 5. More energy can be produced per pound of fuel because of this fuel efficiency.
6. 6. Hydrogen production doesn't need a lot of land, unlike hydropower or biofuel production.
7. 7. However, hydrogen fuel cells do not require the same amount of area, thus there is less visual pollution as well. There are several low-carbon energy sources that can be unsightly, such as wind turbines and bio fuel power plants.
8. 8. For hydrogen fuel cell power units, the charging process happens quite quickly. Hydrogen fuel cells can be recharged in about five minutes, compared to the 30 minutes required to fully charge an electric car.
9. 9. Unlike other renewable energy sources like wind energy, hydrogen fuel cells do not cause noise pollution.
10. 10. When it comes to utilization times, hydrogen fuel cells are more efficient.
11. 11. The availability of hydrogen through local generation and storage may prove to be an alternative to diesel-based energy and heating in distant areas where local conditions permit.
12. 12. Hydrogen fuel cells have the ability to lessen a country's reliance on fossil fuels, which will contribute to the democratization of energy and electricity sources globally.

Track – 5: Disadvantages of Hydrogen Fuel Cells

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1. 1. A few of the difficulties with fuel cells are as follows: given that platinum is one of the most expensive component materials, for this the cost of fuel cells may be significant. Finding non-platinum catalyst methods is currently being researched.
2. 2. The environmental advantages of using fuel cells are undermined by the energy requirements involved in extracting the hydrogen needed for use in them.
3. 3. Infrastructure development, including car modification, is required to enable the expansion of fuel cell utilization. Additionally, there are obstacles related to legal problems with the architecture that establishes commercial deployment models.
4. 4. Compared to other energy sources, including solar panels, hydrogen fuel cells now cost more per unit of power.
5. 5. Hydrogen storage and transportation are more difficult than they are for fossil fuels. Safety concerns are valid given that hydrogen is a very combustible fuel source.
6. 6. Although it is clear that hydrogen fuel cells are among the finest renewable energy sources, there are still a number of obstacles to be solved before hydrogen can fully realize its promise as a vital component of a future decarbonised energy system.
7. 7. The best option for meeting our energy needs in the future may be hydrogen, but getting there will take political will and money.
8. 8. Hydrogen, however, might be a significant solution for our world's energy demands as fossil fuels become less abundant.

Track – 6: Nuclear Fusion

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1. 1. Researchers have achieved a breakthrough in unlocking a near-limitless, safe, and clean energy source through nuclear fusion reactions. This approach, which releases heat and light from stars, has potential as a sustainable, low-carbon energy source.
2. 2. Fusion is an environmentally friendly energy source with no CO2 emissions and widely available fuel sources like hydrogen and lithium.
3. 3. Fusion energy production is not a chain reaction like fission, as plasma must be kept at high temperatures and confined by an external magnetic field. Fusion reactors are considered inherently safe.
4. 4. Fusion is a nuclear reaction where low-mass atomic nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy. It uses hydrogen isotopes, deuterium, and tritium as fuel. Fusion reactors have a virtually unlimited supply of fusion fuel, including tritium from lithium and deuterium from seawater.
5. 5. Nuclear fusion produces a terajoule of energy, equivalent to one person's energy needs for 60 years, using deuterium and tritium as reactants.
6. 6. However, fusion has challenges, such as controlling the reaction, radiation damage, and high operating costs. Controlling fusion reactions could help achieve its potential, but it remains a challenging process.
7. 7. Nuclear fusion energy presents challenges due to extreme conditions, high temperatures, pressures, and extended reaction times. It also poses concerns about neutron wear and large, expensive reactor chambers, making it difficult to generate electricity for everyday consumers.
8. 8. Nuclear fusion energy is a renewable source that generates unlimited energy for further reactions. It uses hydrogen isotopes, which are naturally occurring on Earth. Deuterium and tritium can be extracted from seawater and lithium, with current deuterium reserves potentially lasting 150 billion years.
9. 9. Fusion power is a renewable alternative to nuclear fission, emitting no carbon dioxide or greenhouse gases. It is entirely renewable, uses easily attainable materials, and has no radioactive waste. Fusion reactors can be built anywhere, minimizing impact on vulnerable areas and reducing the likelihood of a meltdown.
10. 10. Advancements in nuclear fusion have significantly increased the potential for harnessing energy. Scientists have improved power source methods and replicated challenging conditions, leading to new reactors producing more energy than consumed. Global funding is being allocated for more effective reactors.

Session – 7: Renewable Energy Commercialization

The seventh is for an in-depth discussion on renewable energy commercialization. This session includes various tracks like barriers to the commercialization of renewable energy, renewable energy commercialization strategies, etc.

Track – 1: Barriers to the Commercialization of Renewable Energy

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1. 1. There are numerous unreasonable barriers to the commercialization of green energy, such as laws and regulations, institutional barriers, market restraints, lack of information, etc.
2. 2. The global marketing of renewable energy technology is hampered by the inconsistent application of laws (such as environmental laws) and regulations (such as dependability, safety, and performance laws).
3. 3. The most common challenge is the absence of regulations on acquiring installation permissions for renewable energy technology which allow arbitrary judgments or sluggish regulatory processes.
4. 4. A drawback of the local market for renewable energy technology is the difference in taxation bases between commercial energy providers and public utilities.
5. 5. External expenses, such as environmental costs, are currently ignored in energy cost accounting for renewable energy.
6. 6. There are provisions for the auto production of electricity from renewable energy sources, but they are not designed for consumers thus they are unable to set a reasonable purchasing price.
7. 7. Although renewable energy technologies can serve a variety of customers, including both private and governmental organizations, their development as an alternative is hampered by the lack of trustworthy information and an accurate inventory of renewable resources.
8. 8. Many renewable energy technologies have a direct relationship between system costs and production volume. Cost-effectiveness can only be attained by increasing the number of units produced, hence lowering unit prices; this could pose a significant obstacle to renewable energy technology's introduction into the market.
9. 9. Some renewable energy sources (such as geothermal, biogas, and small hydropower) must be customized for particular uses or resource availability, resulting in substantial pre-construction costs and financial risks.
10. 10. Government subsidies for traditional energy sources may affect how competitively renewable technologies are positioned.
11. 11. It is believed that there is a lack of experienced professionals, particularly in the field of solar active systems. Additionally, few architects are knowledgeable about passive solar energy systems.
12. 12. There may be no motivation for the owner to install renewable energy technologies, for example, a solar water heater, which may cut fuel expenses but compels the owner to raise the base rent. This is because each renter would have to pay separately for heating and warm water supply as well as for the area that is occupied.
13. 13. Most commercial and industrial sectors frequently view energy and energy technology as incidental to the core business, which discourages the adoption of innovative renewable energy technologies.
14. 14. Regarding the regulatory practices necessary to provide the deployment of renewable energy systems opportunity, knowledge, and awareness are lacking at the municipal and regional authority levels.
15. 15. The above points are by no means an exhaustive list of difficulties. Each renewable energy technology's specific challenges must be discovered in order to investigate effective ways of overcoming them.

Track – 2: Renewable Energy Commercialization Strategies

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1. 1. Renewable energy technologies face challenges in commercialization due to various factors, including resource availability, remoteness, socio-economic conditions, technology affordability, and awareness.
2. 2. Technical barriers include high raw material costs and economic constraints, while non-technical barriers include policy, legal, financial, institutional, cultural, and societal constraints.
3. 3. Sustainable energy technologies differ from standard technologies due to industry nature, technology type, awareness, and appropriate public policies and infrastructure. Renewable energy technologies are disruptive and need a variety of commercialization tactics to be successful.
4. 4. Renewable energy technologies are frequently developed by small businesses, which frequently face independent commercialization challenges. Large utilities are in charge of managing and controlling the centralized energy infrastructure, which calls for a lot of drive and investment. Customers may be reluctant to adopt some innovative technologies, although commercialization is essential for their early development.
5. 5. The main concern is raising interest among various groups, including the general public, industrial and commercial consumers, manufacturing industries, the energy sector, and the government. Governments must play a central role in exploitation of renewable energy technologies, funding research, development, and market entry.
6. 6. Government support for commercializing renewable energy technologies cannot replace the industry's role. Government promotion strategies for renewable energy must consider market resistance, limited resources, and appropriate commercialization timing to avoid misleading efforts and misguided efforts.
7. 7. Effective promotion tactics should take into account the individual traits of renewable energy technologies and market segment elements in addition to regional and national traits.
8. 8. A specific commercialization plan is needed for each technology. In order to foster competitive renewable energy technology, the Commission or national governments should remove barriers to commercialization.
9. 9. Although these tactics must be complemented by particular market factors and technological advancements, they are vital components of a broad commercialization plan. To overcome market obstacles and develop a commercially viable renewable energy industry, governments should support commercialization efforts.
10. 10. Need dissemination of knowledge about ready-for-commercialization renewable energy technology to promote market penetration.
11. 11. Need to establish a framework of law, regulation, and institutions, as well as competitive and unequal market conditions to permit fair treatment of renewable and other energy sources.
12. 12. If necessary, need to assist with the creation of a self-sufficient market for renewable energy technology through the use of short-term incentives. Need to offer financial or fiscal incentives for actions that guarantee the creation of a self-sustaining market in a reasonable amount of time.
13. 13. It is necessary to improve the quality of information already available on cutting-edge renewable energy technology by establishing its foundation in reliable data from real-world applications or demonstration facilities.
14. 14. Using trustworthy information from demonstration facilities and commercial applications improves knowledge of established renewable energy technologies. This includes resource inventories to speed up project design and site selection, descriptions of the technologies, their track records for reliability and performance, economic analyses based on standardized procedures, and the identification of application areas and their characteristics.
15. 15. Need to eliminate all financial penalties for using renewable energy technology.
16. 16. Need to improve the way information is shared with potential users so they can get accurate information.
17. 17. Utilizing rigorous training activities and specialized teaching techniques need to hasten the transfer of information and expertise.
18. 18. Need to adopt and synchronize technical standards for equipment certification processes and testing. Also need to promote "user-friendly" rules for acquiring authorizations to install renewable energy technology.
19. 19. By placing equipment at governmental and other public buildings, policymakers can lead by example in promoting the use of renewable energy sources.
20. 20. Make sure that electric utilities use the avoided cost principle to determine their tariffs for purchasing electricity from and selling to automakers of renewable energies, either directly or through the appropriate regulatory organizations.
21. 21. It's important to remove market distortions that harm competitive renewable energy technologies, such as by ensuring that conventional sources aren't unfairly subsidized and by determining the external costs of energy supplies and how to account for them in market allocation.

Session – 8: Green Nanotechnology and Sustainable Energy Development

The eighth session of this conference focuses on green nanotechnology and sustainable energy development. This session includes various tracks like objective of green nanotechnology, uses of green nanotechnology in renewable energy technology, is renewable energy considered sustainable energy, renewable energy's contributions to sustainable development, sustainable energy policies, etc.

Track – 1: Objective of Green Nanotechnology

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1. 1. The special characteristics of materials at the nanoscale (less than 100 nm) are used in nanotechnology. Surface characteristics rule the material's bulk characteristics at this scale.
2. 2. Green nanotechnology is a tool for developing sustainable practices that reduce risks to both human health and the environment.
3. 3. In addition to sparking the next industrial revolution, nanotechnologies will also provide technical fixes.
4. 4. Green nanotechnology encourages the creation of novel nanoproducts using already existing products. Modern nanoproduct innovation improves the environment.
5. 5. From energy generation techniques to non-toxic cleaning products, green nanotechnology is a dynamic collection of components and approaches.
6. 6. In contrast to present manufacturing methods, the primary goal of green nanotechnology is to create technologies that allow the production of nano-pigments using significantly more ecologically friendly processes and materials.
7. 7. Green nanotechnology uses eco-friendly materials, conserves energy during production, and allows for post-use recycling.
8. 8. Using cutting-edge filtering methods and the ability to detoxify contaminated water, green nanotechnology will help offer clean water to billions of people.
9. 9. Green nanotechnology has the potential to address many problems that are currently preventing the widespread use of renewable energy sources.
10. 10. Environmental cleanup and waste management are some areas where nanotechnology might be helpful.
11. 11. Two possibilities exist for green nanotechnology to alter the production process: The use of nanomaterials as catalysts will assure improved manufacturing efficiency, reduce or eliminate the usage of harmful compounds, and minimize or eliminate the production of unwanted by-products and effluents.
12. 12. Significant waste reduction will result from using nanotechnology for efficient, regulated manufacturing.
13. 13. Using nanoparticles to clean up the environment is known as nanoremediation.
14. 14. With extra comprehensive research in wastewater treatment, nanoremediation has been most frequently employed for treating groundwater. Cleanup of soil and sediment has also been tested using nanoremediation.
15. 15. The potential for using nanoparticles to filter out harmful substances from gases is being explored in even more exploratory studies.
16. 16. The creation of affordable, clean energy via green and sustainable nanotechnology for worldwide usage helps to significantly reduce the environmental impact of burning fossil fuels.

Track – 2: Uses of Green Nanotechnology in Renewable Energy Technology

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1. 1. Green Nanotechnology has created a huge revolution in renewable energy devices used for energy conversion, storage, and environmental monitoring, as well as green manufacture of materials that are good for the environment.
2. 2. Green technologies like solar cells, fuel cells, wind turbines, thermoelectric generators, etc. can all benefit from the use of nanomaterials and nanodevices in terms of efficiency, cost, performance, environmental effect, and sustainability.
3. 3. Green nanotechnology has the potential to lower the cost of expensive equipment/devices used in hydropower plants, solar cells, sensors, hydrogen production, and storage.
4. 4. By creating new materials and structures that can absorb more light, provide more current, and generate less waste, green nanotechnology might improve solar cells.
5. 5. The lack of thermal conductivity of absorber fluids in solar collector systems is the main issue. This issue can be easily solved by the enhanced thermal conductivity qualities of nanofluids. To transport power and increase the production of solar cells, nanofluid is utilized.
6. 6. Nanomaterials like titanium dioxide, graphite, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and silver are frequently added with absorber fluids.
7. 7. Small semiconductor particles known as quantum dots can improve the colour gamut and sensitivity of solar cells.
8. 8. Solar cells' surface area and conductivity can be increased by adding nanowires, which are tiny rods of silicon or metal.
9. 9. Nanocoatings, which are tiny, functional, or protective layers, can stop solar cells from corrosion and deterioration. Nanocoatings that are self-cleaning and anti-reflective shield solar equipment and improve their performance.
10. 10. Solar pumps made of nanomaterials are used to irrigate fields. PV systems based on nanomaterials are employed in building integration.
11. 11. Silicon carbide, cadmium sulfide, and titanium dioxide are a few examples of semiconducting nanoparticles that are utilized as catalysts in the photocatalytic water splitting process.
12. 12. Fuel cells transform chemical energy into electrical energy, but they also encounter a number of difficulties, including high cost, poor durability, and a lack of fuel supplies.
13. 13. By developing new materials and structures that can improve the catalytic, electrochemical, and transport properties of fuel cells, green nanotechnology can aid in solving these issues.
14. 14. The surface area and activity of the catalysts used for the oxidation and reduction reactions in fuel cells can be increased by adding nanoparticles, which are tiny clusters of atoms or molecules.
15. 15. Nanomembranes, which are extremely thin films that divide gases and liquids, can enhance the selectivity and permeability of the electrolytes used in fuel cells for ion transport.
16. 16. Nanotubes, which are hollow cylinders made of carbon or other substances, can increase the stability and conductivity of the electrodes used in fuel cells for the transmission of electrons.
17. 17. Catalysts assisted by nanoparticles have higher activity and stability than bulk catalysts. The most promising nanomaterials for catalytic support in fuel cells are carbon nanoparticles and CNTs.
18. 18. By using less Pt catalyst, the high cost of electrodes can be decreased. In order to do this, several catalyst supports, including tungsten carbide, nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibres, and conductive oxides, are used.
19. 19. Hydrogen ion conductivity of the membranes is increased by using nanoscale hydrophilic inorganic compounds in electrolytes.
20. 20. The performance of membrane fuel cells can be improved by modifying standard membranes with titania and tin dioxide.
21. 21. Carbon-based nanostructures, metal-organic frameworks, boron-nitrogen-based materials (BN nanomaterials), and organic polymer networks are investigated for H2 storage by physisorption.
22. 22. Utilizing nanomaterials like metal-oxide (manganese dioxide & titanium dioxide, etc.), carbon nanotubes, and magnetic nanoparticles (iron oxide, etc.), nanotechnology has been identified as a crucial strategy for considerably increasing the generation of biofuels.
23. 23. The production of biogas is significantly increased when nickel oxide nanoparticle concentration is 2 ppm.
24. 24. Hydrocarbons and NOx emissions are reduced by nanosized cerium oxide additions in biodiesel.
25. 25. In an effort to increase the effectiveness of the biodiesel synthesis process, metal oxide nanoparticles, zero valence nanoparticles, and carbon-based nanoparticles are being tested.
26. 26. The manufacturing of biodiesel may also make use of carbon-based catalysts.
27. 27. Nanotechnology provides great efficiency for wind turbines by reducing the energy losses caused by high gravitational forces, high external loading, and high stress that cause micro-pitting, scuffing, and spalling in gearboxes. Utilizing nano lubricants and low-friction coatings can reduce these losses.
28. 28. Graphene and multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites offer defense against the damaging effects of lightning strikes, which are responsible for 10-15% of wind turbine failures.
29. 29. The buildup of airborne particles, UV deterioration, and corrosion are all prevented by nanocoatings made of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide, ceric oxide, and aluminum oxide nanoparticles as well as carbon nanomaterials (CNTs and graphene).
30. 30. Using composite blades strengthened by metal-oxide nanoparticles can considerably improve wind turbine performance. This extends the lifespan of wind turbines and improves their resilience to wear, fatigue failure, and demanding working circumstances.
31. 31. Conventional water filtration techniques are either ineffective, costly, or damaging to the environment. By developing novel substances and structures that can eliminate or weaken infections, contaminants, or salts from water, nanotechnology can advance these techniques.
32. 32. In order to trap or remove contaminants from water, nanofillers, which are porous materials having tiny pores, are used. Water pollution can be reduced or oxidized using nanocatalysts, which are nanoparticles that can quicken chemical reactions.
33. 33. Heavy metals, bacteria, and viruses can be absorbed or trapped in nanocomposites, which are made of nanoparticles and other substances.
34. 34. The technique of storing extra electricity produced by renewable sources for later use is known as energy storage. But the poor capacity, high cost, or short lifespan of present energy storage technologies frequently places them at a disadvantage.
35. 35. By developing new materials and structures that can boost the energy density, power density, and cycle life of energy storage devices, nanotechnology can contribute to the improvement of these techniques.
36. 36. For instance, compared to traditional batteries, nanobatteries, which use nanomaterials for the anode, cathode, or electrolyte, have a greater capacity for energy storage, higher power output, and longer lifespan.
37. 37. In comparison to ordinary capacitors, nanocapacitors are able to store more charge, deliver more current, and charge more quickly. They do this by using nanomaterials as the electrodes or dielectric.
38. 38. Devices called nanohybrids, which combine capacitors and batteries, can maximize their performance in terms of both power and energy.
39. 39. Smart grids employ digital technology to monitor, regulate, and optimize the flow of electricity through networks of electricity production, transmission, distribution, and consumption.
40. 40. Smart grids are faced with a number of difficulties, including cyberattacks, power outages, and demand changes.
41. 41. Smart grids can benefit from nanotechnology by developing new materials and structures that can sense, communicate, and react to changes in the grid. This will increase the security, dependability, and efficiency of the grids.
42. 42. In comparison to regular chips, nanochips, which are integrated circuits containing nanoscale components, can process and send data more quickly and securely.
43. 43. Small-scale grids called nanogrids, which generate and store energy using nanotechnology, can backup or distributed power to isolated or far-flung locations.
44. 44. The voltage, current, or frequency of electricity can be adjusted based on grid circumstances by using nanosmart materials, which are materials that can change their properties in response to external stimuli.
45. 45. There are significant obstacles to their adoption, including a lack of infrastructure, inadequate equipment servicing and maintenance, increased costs, and inadequate technological information.
46. 46. To meet the demand for renewable energy on a global scale, more work must be done to increase the sustainability and efficiency of all clean and sustainable energy systems.

Track – 3: Is Renewable Energy Considered Sustainable Energy?

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1. 1. Not all forms of renewable energy can be sustainable energy.
2. 2. An energy source can be deemed sustainable if it satisfies criteria such as being naturally replenished, using energy-efficient technologies, being readily available over the long term, etc.
3. 3. Sustainable energy is that which can satisfy the rising demand of the population of today without compromising the need of the population of the future. With the development of modern technology, the world's energy must also advance.
4. 4. In order to ensure that sustainable energy is used by future generations, it must also meet a number of additional criteria, including cost, impact on others, and universal use in the battle against climate change.
5. 5. Sustainable energy comes from renewable energy sources like solar, hydrogen, wind, geothermal, hydropower, wave, and tidal power (biomass's carbon-neutral status is still up for question although renewable energy also includes biomass).
6. 6. These energy sources have been around for a very long time and will continue to exist as long as there is life on the planet. And these energies are related to a population that uses a lot of contemporary technology, which adds to the rising need for energy.
7. 7. Depending on how you look at it, nuclear energy can be a very sustainable kind of energy. Nuclear energy is on par with renewable energy in terms of availability and lack of carbon emissions.
8. 8. Although it is generally accepted that renewable energy sources are sustainable, some renewable energy sources may not be. Because excessive use of renewable resources can render a particular form of energy unsustainable, and some renewable energy projects can harm the environment, rendering them non-renewable.
9. 9. Even though they are not renewable, some non-renewable resources, like coal and natural gas, can be transformed into sustainable energy sources.
10. 10. Example of some innovative technologies in the sustainable energy sector includes offshore wind energy, airborne wind energy, concentrated solar power (CSP), advanced solar photovoltaics (PV), tidal and wave energy, power-to-x, hydrogen fuel cells, smart grids, advanced battery storage, energy efficiency tech, bioenergy, geothermal energy, etc.
11. 11. Some examples of uses of those innovative technologies in recent times are -building that cool themselves, carbon nanotubes, PV power plants, bladeless wind energy, food waste solar panels, solar-powered trains, lithium-glass batteries, rechargeable tires, 3D printed solar energy trees, etc.
12. 12. There is a broad range of benefits to transitioning to sustainable energy they are - improves public health, creates local jobs, decreases carbon footprint, the long-term cost is more affordable, energy security, etc.
13. 13. Numerous technologies are influencing the renewable energy industry. From solar energy, energy storage, and electric vehicles to cutting-edge heat pumps, hydrogen technologies, smart electricity grids, and more are alternatives to coal, oil, and gas.
14. 14. Many businesses are making changes and putting their attention on building more sustainable environments. Energy innovation goes beyond finding new ways to produce power. The goal is to develop better methods. The goal is to identify sustainable, renewable, and environmentally friendly alternatives.
15. 15. We may anticipate even more fascinating developments in the future with continuing study and development. By making investments in these technologies, we can become less dependent on fossil fuels and create a more sustainable future.

Track – 4: Renewable Energy's Contributions to Sustainable Development

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1. 1. Despite having a difficult conceptual foundation, sustainable development is a widely accepted global concept with several definitions and explanations. It is distinct from other sustainability concepts and seeks sustainable development.
2. 2. Green energy is essential for sustainable development due to its lower environmental impact, small-scale production, and decentralization. It offers flexibility and economic benefits, ensuring compliance during unstable energy demand.
3. 3. Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass are considered sustainable, reducing fossil fuel consumption and environmental impacts. Nuclear energy is a competitive option due to its low operating costs, reliability, and efficiency.
4. 4. Green energy provides local energy solutions and decentralized power systems, by increasing flexibility and affordable power supply. They provide cleaner energy systems than traditional energy, and cannot be exhausted like fossil fuels and uranium.
5. 5. Governments must work together to scale regional energy systems, facilitating quick market expansion and coordinating operators and suppliers of both renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.
6. 6. Climate change mitigation and environmental improvement drive the growing demand for green energy systems. Policymakers recognize the environmental impact and sustainable development benefits while reducing air pollution and health hazards. No combustion-based green energy conserves resources for sustainable development.
7. 7. Access to modern energy is crucial for sustainable development and economic growth. Energy policy should consider security, efficiency, and environmental sustainability to create reliable and affordable options.
8. 8. By encouraging a link between economic growth and energy consumption, the energy sector makes a vital contribution to the development of the economy. Sustainable development depends heavily on energy sector.
9. 9. The Human Development Index (HDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) assess economic development, whereas employment measures social development. The adoption of green energy has a positive effect on job development in both developed and developing nations. Additionally, it has a detrimental impact on employment because some persons experience job loss during the transitioning phase. However, the advantages, outweigh the disadvantages.
10. 10. Increased energy use as a result of economic expansion has prompted production to become more automated and contemporary. The economic structure of a nation does, however, influence energy use.
11. 11. Countries with greater Human Development Index (HDI) consumption use more energy. And the Energy and Human Development Index (HDI) gauges the welfare of society. For human welfare, education, health, and socioeconomic standing to improve, green and dependable energy is essential.
12. 12. Globally, limited access to green energy hinders sustainable development, but emerging countries are increasing access through solar, hydropower, and bioenergy.
13. 13. Countries face challenges in ensuring sustainable energy supply due to increased energy demand, and dependence on fossil fuels. Transitioning to green energy systems can provide energy security and reduce fossil fuel usage.
14. 14. Energy efficiency reduces resource utilization and pollution, promoting sustainable development by reducing resource utilization and pollution. Renewable energy resources offer diverse choices, promoting local control and adaptation to growth and demand changes.
15. 15. Resource use and pollution are decreased via energy efficiency, which encourages sustainable development by doing so. Diverse options provided by renewable energy sources encourage local control and flexibility to variations in growth and demand.

Track – 5: Sustainable Energy Policies

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1. 1. The use of renewable energy is a dynamic policy that adapts to the demands of consumers. Through smart meters, energy communities, dynamic tariffs, and demand response programs, it gives consumers more control over energy sources, costs, and usage. These techniques make it possible to monitor energy use, make adjustments, and offer incentives to switch to renewable energy sources and lessen dependency on fossil fuels.
2. 2. Incorporating prosumers into the system and recognizing their contributions are key components of renewable energy policy. Grid connectivity, feed-in tariffs, net metering, and peer-to-peer trading can all help with this. These processes enhance the proportion of renewable energy and stabilize fluctuations in supply and demand.
3. 3. Planning for grid systems, making investments in clean energy, and providing off-grid electricity for the rural poor are all necessary for regional energy integration. Integrated planning should take care of cooling requirements, guarantee a secure supply of energy in the food and medicine sector, and encourage cooperation between the energy and health sectors, such as by electrifying medical facilities.
4. 4. For co-creation and novel solutions, renewable energy policy necessitates active participation from customers, prosumers, communities, and NGOs.
5. 5. Behavioral science insights should be used in renewable energy policies to encourage uptake, lower use, and community involvement.
6. 6. Moving to advanced biofuels is essential for reducing life-cycle carbon emissions in difficult industries like aviation and transportation. Governments ought to take this change into account with tax incentives, loan guarantees, and legislation reducing life-cycle carbon intensity.
7. 7. Electric vehicles reduce urban air pollution, but only if powered by renewable and low-carbon sources. Need planning for the production, transmission, and distribution of renewable electricity and electric vehicles, including smart charging.
8. 8. Policies for biofuels also need to address economic and scientific obstacles and support a gradual transition to advanced biofuels. Governments should consider policy interventions to increase biofuel consumption by decreasing biofuel prices and expanding biofuel distribution infrastructure.
9. 9. The markets for heating are complicated and dispersed, and there are several obstacles to sustainable heating. Inefficient structures, devices, and industrial procedures waste heat, and for that energy conservation is required, and policymakers need to concentred on it. For effective solutions, policymakers must focus on the right tools and take into account local governments and infrastructure. Countries require accurate heat statistics to monitor and create successful policies, particularly for renewable heat.
10. 10. High finance costs and off-taker risks are obstacles to the development of renewable energy in developing nations. Deployment of renewable electricity is hampered by non-economic concerns include difficulty obtaining planning approval, a lack of skilled workers, issues with specific technologies and locations, and legislative restrictions.
11. 11. Although the cost of renewable electricity technologies like solar and wind has decreased, they still require financial assistance because of inadequate carbon pricing, high capital costs, and difficulties with early adoption. Although excessive assistance is required, long-term power purchase agreements are recommended.
12. 12. Weather and timing variations affect renewable electricity technologies. To boost flexibility, policymakers should enact policies for system-friendly renewable sources.
13. 13. The high cost of connecting to electrical grids limits the competitiveness of renewable energy installations. Project operationalization delays may be caused by remote sites and inadequate grid infrastructure. Governments ought to deal with these problems.
14. 14. For the development of national competence, it is essential to adapt renewable energy technology to regional conditions. Both public and private sectors must contribute financially. Some nations face local opposition that prevents the spread of renewable energy programs; best practices call on fostering public support.
15. 15. Although they have many advantages, renewable energy sources can potentially have detrimental effects on the environment and society. Best practices aid in avoiding these effects, and different approaches are used based on the size and type of the project.
16. 16. Although renewable energy sources provide advantages like lowered air pollution and increased energy security, they compete against fossil fuels with greater difficulty because of higher upfront prices and a lack of transparency. For fairness to be ensured, governments should establish level playing fields.
17. 17. A cost-effective deployment of renewable energy without burdening other sectors requires improved data, which is essential for evaluating progress and the efficacy of policies. Governments must comply with international standards and generate and disclose thorough renewable statistics.
18. 18. Setting goals is essential for the implementation of renewable energy, and needs strategies and plans to evaluate available resources and technologies. Regularly revised plans encourage the growth of renewable energy and provide investors confidence in the direction of the strategy.
19. 19. Politicians make promises about accessible clean energy but fail to follow through because of their reliance on fossil fuel subsidies. Political short-termism is what drives the energy business. Politicians are embracing digitization and renewable energy because G20 nations are raising subsidies for fossil fuels. As a result, voters and investors will favor decentralized systems that provide cheap, dependable, and clean energy.
20. 20. In order to boost performance and draw long-term investment, countries must set aggressive domestic goals for electrification, energy access, and clean cooking. Consistent policy changes help the private sector function, small- and medium-sized business expansion, and the integration of decentralized energy systems.
21. 21. In order to manage potential risks and take advantage of market opportunities for energy access, development finance should move away from conventional energy projects and toward creative ones.