Global Conference on Biosensors

Session - 1: Fundamentals of Biosensors and Role of Nanotechnology in Biosensors

In first session, we are targeting to discuss on fundamentals of biosensors and the role of nanotechnology in biosensors. This session is for discussing the working principles, general configurations, and basics of biosensors and how nanotechnology improves the biosensors sector with their application facility. In the modern world, research has shifted toward more advanced sensing techniques for the development of more sensitive devices such as biosensors. The use of nanomaterials in the creation of biosensors has enhanced their sensitivity and performance, allowing the introduction of several new signal transduction technologies in biosensors. The development of tools and procedures for fabricating, measuring, and imaging nanoscale objects has resulted in the development of sensors that interact with extremely small molecules that must be analyzed.

Track – 1: Fundamentals of Biosensors

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1. 1. This is a general track of this biosensors conference to discuss about the basic ideas behind biosensors, the fundamentals of biosensors devices, bio sensing technology, the working principles of biosensors, and recent advanced technology for biosensors.
2. 2. Biosensors are described as analytical tools that combine a sensor system with a transducer and other biological detecting components. The principles of signal transmission and element bio recognition underlie the operation of biosensors.
3. 3. The transducer can convert the biological response from the bio-element into an electrical signal, which is adjustable and calculable.
4. 4. The three main components of a biosensor are a sensor, a transducer, and an electrical circuit. A biological receptor known as a sensor or detector interacts with the analyte and sends an electrical signal when its composition changes.
5. 5. Blood is not the only analyte that can be used in biosensing; other analytes include tears, perspiration, saliva, breath, and urine. All biological components, including hormones, organelles, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, and complete cells, can be employed as sensors in a device.
6. 6. The biochemical signal from the detector is amplified by the transducer, which then converts it to an electrical signal and displays it in a comprehensible manner.
7. 7. Usually, a particular deactivated enzyme is added to the transducer, and through a chemical process known as electro enzymatic process, the transducer turns the enzymes into appropriate electrical impulses. The biological material being monitored by an electrical signal is directly represented for correct processing and depiction on a physical display.
8. 8. Depending on the type of enzyme, the transducer's output will either be current or voltage. It is acceptable if the output is voltage. However, if the output is current, then a current-to-voltage converter is required to convert the output current to an equivalent voltage.
9. 9. A processor or microcontroller, a display unit, and a signal conditioning device make up an electrical circuit. The task of amplifying and filtering the signal falls under the purview of the signal processing unit.
10. 10. An analog signal, which is what the signal processing unit's output is known as, is sent to a microcontroller, where it is transformed into a digital signal. The biosensor's electronic component merely transforms the transducer signal and displays it on the display.
11. 11. The processed signals are then quantified using the display unit on the sensor. The analog signal can occasionally be displayed directly on an LCD screen.
12. 12. The Glucometer, which gauges blood glucose levels, has become one of the most widely used biosensors in recent years. The blood glucose levels of people with diabetes are what define the condition. For those with diabetes, regularly testing blood glucose levels is crucial. This is a general illustration of a biosensor; however they have many more uses in modern society.
13. 13. The other applications of biosensors are biochips, resonant mirrors, immunosensors, chemical canaries, bio-computers, optrodes, etc. All biosensor devices are highly accurate, have quick analysis times, and can produce results in under a minute.
14. 14. The operating system of biosensors is straightforward, making automatic analysis simple to implement at a reasonable price.

Track – 2: Role of Nanotechnology in Biosensors

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1. 1. The development of biosensors is increasingly dependent on nanotechnology. In order to spark a greater interest in the development of nanomaterials-based biosensor technology, in this session participants have the opportunity to explore the application of nanotechnology in biosensors and discuss the problems, solutions, and challenges of biosensors.
2. 2. The combination of nanotechnology and biosensors is known as nanobiosensors.
3. 3. Nanotechnology has advanced significantly in recent years, leading to the production of many novel nanomaterials, the gradual discovery of their novel features, and significant advancements in the use of nanoparticles in biosensors.
4. 4. Nanomaterials, or substances of a size between one and one hundred nanometers, are a special gift that nanotechnology has given to humanity. They can perform extremely effective functions in the biosensing technology's sensing process.
5. 5. Nanoparticles offer a wide range of unique characteristics, including small size, fast speeds, shorter electron-travel distances, lesser power, and lower voltages.
6. 6. For use in biosensors, functional nanoparticles that are attached to biological molecules (such as peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids) have been produced.
7. 7. Nanowires, nanotubes, nanoparticles, nanorods, and thin films comprised of crystalline solids are some of the materials that are frequently used.
8. 8. By combining material science, molecular engineering, chemistry, and biotechnology, nanomaterials-based biosensors can significantly increase the sensitivity and specificity of biomolecule detection.
9. 9. They also have the ability to detect or manipulate atoms and molecules, and they have a lot of potential for use in applications like biomolecular recognition, pathogen diagnosis, and environmental monitoring.
10. 10. The unique physical, chemical, mechanical, magnetic, and optical properties of various metal nanoparticles, including gold nanoparticles (GNPs), graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), magnetic nanoparticles (MNP), quantum dots (QDs), dendrimers, metal-oxides, chitosan, polymers, and other compounds, are gradually being applied to biosensors to significantly increase the sensitivity and specificity of detection.
11. 11. Technology has advanced dramatically as a result of the numerous advances in nanotechnology-based biosensors. Some of the benefits of nanotechnology-based biosensors include their ability to detect target molecules quickly and at high throughput, which is essential for the early detection of diseases like breast cancer and AIDS.
12. 12. Biosensors' detection procedures are quick, easy to use, straightforward, and reasonably priced. By recycling used materials, nanotechnology-based biosensors have low raw material requirements. Biosensors based on nanotechnology are versatile, stable, and have special characteristics.
13. 13. The detection of proteins, DNA, RNA, pathogens, glucose, hormones, pesticides, and other small molecules from clinical samples, food industrial samples, as well as environmental monitoring, are just a few of the applications where nanomaterial-based biosensors excel over traditional biosensors. These applications include enhanced detection sensitivity and specificity, increased sensitivity to small molecules, and greater potential.
14. 14. Additionally, environmental contaminants, toxicants, and physical factors like humidity, heavy metal toxicity, and even the presence of their carcinogens can all be monitored using nano biosensors.
15. 15. These sensors can be used in industrial settings to control the feeding of nutrient medium and substrate combinations into the bioreactors for a variety of applications. These sensors can improve numerous commercial preparation and separation processes on an industrial scale.
16. 16. The goal of nanobiosensor research is to create novel technologies that have the potential to significantly advance the fields of human and animal disease marker detection, serum antigen and carcinogen detection, characterization of nano- and biomaterials, identification and analysis of promising therapeutic compounds, and biocatalyst development.
17. 17. However, there are still issues in clinical diagnostics that biosensors are unable to address at this time. With ongoing research, it is possible to anticipate further performance improvements of current nanodevices and more recent nanomaterial-enhanced sensors using unique detection techniques.
18. 18. Both in vivo and ex vivo analysis for imaging and the detection of biomoieties for medical care will heavily rely on nanotechnology.

Session - 2: Applications of Biosensors

In recent years, biosensors have gained a lot of popularity. They have a wide range of applications. Through this session, presenters can present any presentation about the various types of applications of biosensors in various fields, recent innovations and updates on applications of biosensors, and upcoming future scope of biosensors applications. Through this session, delegates can gain knowledge about applications of biosensors and they can clear any doubts regarding applications and process of use of biosensors. In the areas of clinical analysis, medicine, and general health monitoring, biosensors have grown in significance. small size, sensitivity, easy of use, selectivity, stability, quick response time and results, detection limit, low cost, reproducibility, range, or linearity are all features of biosensors that make them ideal. In addition to the expected applications in medicine and health, biosensors have also found important uses in a number of other industries, including agriculture, industrial processing, pollution control, food processing, etc.

Track – 1: Applications in Medical and Healthcare

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1. 1. The use of biosensors in the realm of health care is rapidly growing. The invention of biosensors has had a huge impact on medical field and helped pave the way for the creation of new, highly accurate analytical sensors.
2. 2. The creation of biosensors has benefited a variety of applications, including the detection and monitoring of cancer, the monitoring of cardiovascular disease, and the management of diabetes.
3. 3. These tools are used to identify a drug in sensitive bioelements such as bacteria, tissues, organelles, enzymes, cell receptors, and antibodies. The major applications of biosensors in the medical and healthcare field are:
4. 4. The quantitative assessment of various biologically significant chemicals in human fluids, such as glucose, cholesterol, and urea, is successfully accomplished using biosensors. For regular blood glucose monitoring in diabetic patients, glucose biosensors are a godsend. For the accurate diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, which necessitates strict monitoring of blood glucose levels, glucose biosensors are frequently utilised in clinical applications.
5. 5. Numerous healthcare issues are resolved with biosensors. It can monitor a patient's vital signs and spot biological anomalies. Targeted biomarkers can be found by advanced biosensors to aid in the clinical understanding of the condition.
6. 6. A biosensor, such as an athletic band or smartwatch, continuously monitors heart rates and communicates physiological data. Heart rhythm monitoring for cardiac patients can be completed fast. It can monitor the levels of tension among service personnel, law enforcement officials, miners, firefighters, and other groups. Thus, this technology may check athletes' fitness levels before and after exercise in order to maintain consistent well-being and improve outcomes.
7. 7. By placing an implantable sensor under the skin, biosensors can monitor a patient's body chemistry. The ability to monitor a patient's health from home has revolutionized the role of the medical professional.
8. 8. The medical patch worn by a patient can monitor biological information like skin temperature and respiration rates. Patients can track themselves daily using these kits. Cancer and other diseases can often be monitored at home. Additionally, it can be used to assist doctors in confirming when their patients are due to take their prescribed medications.
9. 9. A cutting-edge nanosensor is used to analyse acetone molecules in a patient's breath. Diet Sensor, which can also monitor calorie supply, allows people to now check the molecules in food as they have no control over what they eat.
10. 10. In hospitals, biosensors have been utilised to monitor patient status. These tools monitor biological processes and offer medical professionals and patients insightful analytical data. During critical care and surgical monitoring of patients, biosensors are used to check the blood for pH, pCO2, and pO2.
11. 11. Biosensors allow for real-time monitoring of unlabeled live cell proteins. Cell secretion kinetics can be continuously monitored by keeping track of the spectrum changes. The use of biosensors in analysis methods is essential for identifying and measuring biomolecular quantities. It makes it possible for scientists to monitor the oxygen levels in systems in real time.
12. 12. Utilising dissolvable brain pressure sensors and sensors that regulate implant infection and inflammation, biosensors also provide the chance to improve the post-operation care procedure.
13. 13. Another feature of biosensors is the integration of digital pills. The diversity of patient data biosensors available has made it simpler for medical institutions to adopt wearable smart technology.
14. 14. In the medical industry, biosensors are widely employed to identify infectious diseases. A promising biosensor technology is currently being investigated for the detection of urinary tract infections (UTIs), pathogen identification, and anti-microbial susceptibility.
15. 15. The application of evolving biosensor technology may aid in the early detection of cancer and the efficient delivery of therapy. Biosensors can determine the presence of a tumour, whether benign or cancerous, by measuring the quantities of certain proteins expressed and/or secreted by tumour cells. They can also determine whether a treatment is successful in reducing or eliminating malignant cells.
16. 16. Several substances' mutagenicity can be assessed using biosensors. Additionally, the body produces a number of hazardous substances that can be found.
17. 17. For diagnostic procedures like pregnancy and fertility tests, biosensors are helpful. They are also perfect for health-related gadgets like cholesterol monitors. It is used to measure vitamins, folic acid, and biotin. Biosensors are also used in medical devices for genetic and cancer diagnostics.
18. 18. Through the use of biosensors, effective diseases are identified and managed in the field of health care. In this sense, biosensor technology can identify a wide range of clinical problems, including cancer and infections.
19. 19. Biosensors can assist patients in maintaining self-control by shortening hospital stays, effectively monitoring them, and preventing future expensive readmissions. These technologies are becoming more and more necessary to track down and diagnose various illnesses and disruptions in the house, such as acid-based homeostasis, liver failure, or diabetes.
20. 20. Some of the sensing methods used here are immunoaffinity column tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and fluorometric assays. Biosensors have a wide range of medical applications that benefit both patients and physicians.
21. 21. These applications include disease reviews, disease control, preventative care, patient health information, and clinical care.

Track – 2: Applications in Drug Discovery and Improvement

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1. 1. It might be argued that using biosensors to analyse pharmacological components is a significant component of medical research and testing.
2. 2. Biosensors are semiconducting structured materials that target nano molecules to support cellular-level biological activity at their best.
3. 3. The different stages of drug discovery, such as target identification and validation, disease modeling, lead optimisation, lead identification, and other applications, currently make use of a variety of biosensors, including electrochemical biosensors, optical biosensors, thermal biosensors, and others.
4. 4. They aid in the screening and identification of novel medications. Inferring that a suitable biosensor for screening should be able to be constructed for each therapeutic action, biosensors detect biological effects, making them an extremely useful tool for drug-screening systems.
5. 5. Instead of being used for drug discovery screening, electrochemical biosensors were initially developed for toxicity assessment.
6. 6. Chemical parameters in the manufacturing process (in bioreactors) can be monitored using enzyme-based biosensors in the pharmaceutical business.
7. 7. Hospitals may utilise enzyme-based biosensors for drug testing at the bedside, emergency control, patient treatment control (anticancer therapy), etc.
8. 8. For high-throughput drug screening and discovery, current research focuses on proteins, tissues, or living cells immobilised in microfabricated structures.
9. 9. Affinity biosensors are appropriate for candidate drug screening and high-throughput antibody production antibody screening.
10. 10. They are suitable for decentralised drug residue detection as well as selective and sensitive immunoassays in clinical laboratories.
11. 11. The oligonucleotide-immobilized biosensors for surface-linked DNA interactions research or for hybridization experiments are of equal new interest.
12. 12. The modification of an electrode surface with single- or double-stranded oligonucleotide branching is becoming more and more common in drug tests and drug toxicity screening.
13. 13. For the goals of drug discovery and development, more than 85 biosensors are now on the market or being developed by different industry parties.
14. 14. Additionally, approximately USD 1.5 billion has been invested in this industry over the past five years by both public and private investors.
15. 15. The biosensors also integrate several functional nanomaterials. It has been demonstrated that biosensors can detect and analyse medications at extremely low concentrations.
16. 16. These sensors can instantly ascertain the affinity and kinetics of a wide variety of chemical interactions without the necessity for a molecular tag or label.
17. 17. Although biosensors can be used to quantitatively assess drug molecules, their main relevance is in the mechanistic and kinetic aspects of drug-bio component interactions.
18. 18. Several biosensor fabrication approaches have been developed to enhance biosensor performance.
19. 19. The selectivity of the biosensor is enhanced, production costs are decreased, and downsizing is feasible thanks to major breakthroughs in electrode surface modification.
20. 20. Critiques that contrast the advantages and disadvantages of these biosensors from a pharmacological perspective are still lacking, nevertheless.
21. 21. It is important to note that by enabling precise screening and identification of lead therapeutic compounds, the use of biosensing technologies in drug discovery operations is anticipated to increase overall R&D productivity.

Track – 3: Applications in Environmental Monitoring

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1. 1. To monitor environmental (water, soil, and air) pollution, biosensors are particularly beneficial.
2. 2. The monitoring of water pollution is one area where biosensors have a significant benefit. The quantity of pollutants poisoning groundwater is increasing, and as a result, the quality of the drinking water is declining.
3. 3. In order to combat water pollution, biosensors containing nitrate and phosphate detection components are becoming more and more prevalent.
4. 4. Biosensors can be used to assess biological oxygen demand (BOD) and pesticide concentrations. Biosensors have been used in environmental monitoring to find chemical agents, organic pollutants, potentially hazardous compounds, and illnesses that might be dangerous to human health.
5. 5. Biosensors can be used to assess the mutagenicity of various environmental contaminants. Biosensors that measure colour, light, fluorescence, or electric current are used to find pollutants. Particular biosensors can be used to monitor environmental contaminants.
6. 6. In order to identify a specific analyte from complicated samples, biosensors are analytical tools that each have a biological sensing component. The analyte must be reversibly bound by a suitable physical/chemical transducer that is integrated with a compatible biological or biomimetic element.
7. 7. The detector determines the targeted pollutants from the sample and transforms the ensuing reactions into qualitative and quantitative sensing signals. A biological signal is changed by biosensors into an audible electrical, visual, or thermal signal.
8. 8. Even at extremely low analyte concentrations, they offer great sensitivity. Both organic and inorganic pollutants are emitted as a result of intensive human activity in the industrial, agricultural, and other sectors.
9. 9. The majority of biosensors used in environmental monitoring are immunosensors and enzymatic biosensors, but recently, the development of aptasensors has increased due to aptamers' beneficial properties, including their adaptability, thermal stability, in vitro synthesis, and the ability to customise their structure, distinguish targets with different functional groups, and allow for rehybridization.
10. 10. For the purpose of tracking heavy metal concentrations in environmental samples, biosensors are being developed and used. Zinc, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, Copper, and Cadmium are the main metal pollutants found in the environment. Heavy metals are currently detected in various environmental samples using bacteria-based biosensors.
11. 11. Waste-water samples can be quickly determined using BOD biosensor techniques. The biosensor uses an oxygen-sensing film immobilised at the end of glass sample vials to continuously measure the BOD concentration of the effluent sample.
12. 12. The aquatic ecosystem is destroyed by nitrogen compounds (Nitrites) that contaminate both surface and ground water. They have a negative impact because of an irreversible reactivity with haemoglobin that causes serious health problems. Nitrogen compounds in water samples are determined using a variety of biosensor technologies.
13. 13. Additionally, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), phenolic compounds, organophosphorus (OP) chemicals, pesticides, herbicides, dioxins, etc. are all detected using biosensors.
14. 14. Advanced automated optical immunosensors have been used to detect hormones and other organic contaminants in surface water samples.
15. 15. The transfer of numerous disease-causing organisms (pathogens), such as bacteria, protozoa, viruses, fungi, etc., that are typically found in contaminated or untreated water, is greatly aided by wastewater.
16. 16. To lessen the negative effects of waterborne pathogens on public health, adequate water supply monitoring is necessary.
17. 17. New technologies like biosensors have been used for the quick identification and ongoing observation of contaminating microorganisms at the point of entrance.
18. 18. The performance of the biosensor in actual samples at the field or farm level must therefore be improved through further study.

Track – 4: Applications in Food Industry

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1. 1. Quality control is still a crucial part of food production since it guarantees that nutritious food has a long shelf life and complies with regulations. Biosensors have been created to recognize certain ingredients in food.
2. 2. These tools look for biological or chemical substances that can contaminate food or indicate the presence of unwanted objects. Additionally, biosensors have been developed for tracking and calculating the cross-contamination of food goods and surfaces.
3. 3. There are currently commercial biosensors on the market that can measure things like alcohol, acids, and carbohydrates. In the food sector, biosensors are used to measure things like carbohydrates, amino acids, alcohol, and gases to ensure that food is of a certain quality.
4. 4. In tests to identify tiny compounds like water-soluble vitamins and chemical pollutants, antibodies or immunosensors may be utilised. They could also be used to find any pathogens in fish, pork, poultry, eggs, and other foods.
5. 5. Biosensors undoubtedly provide real-time monitoring of a specific analyte for the food business as well as feedback control. Not only would this improve food safety, but it will also result in less efficient control, less employment, and time and energy savings.
6. 6. In recent years, numerous types of biosensors have been created that, by spotting pathogens within minutes of a sample, could aid in the overall quality control of food processing plants.
7. 7. The biosensor may also be useful for monitoring potato tuber rot development in storage, ethanol dining controlled environment storage of apples, or any other situation where ethanol accumulation may be linked to a decrease in quality.
8. 8. Chemical evaluation of fish freshness has produced the K-value, a helpful indicator of raw fish grade. For determining how fresh fish, meat, fruits, and vegetables are, biosensors are particularly helpful.
9. 9. Alcoholic beverage ethanol content was measured using a microbial biosensor.
10. 10. Other uses for biosensors include monitoring wine quality, determining the amount of ethanol in alcoholic beverages, detecting tea polyphenols, calculating the amount of ascorbic acid in fruit juices, measuring ethanol or methanol online during yeast cultivation or fermentation, keeping track of food allergens, online milk quality testing, and many more.
11. 11. The lactose content of milk is determined online using the cascade enzyme biosensor.
12. 12. Although there are many benefits to using biosensors, one significant drawback that must be resolved is the issue of heat sterilisation. Heat sterilisation of biosensors is not feasible due to the denaturation of the biological material that is present.

Track – 5: Applications in Fermentation and Process Control in Industries

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1. 1. Biosensors provide very selective analysis of single analytes in the extremely complex fermentation medium by coupling a highly selective biological component with several types of transducers.
2. 2. Biosensors precisely manage the fermentation industry and provide consistent results due to their simple instrumentation, outstanding selectivity, low cost, and ease of automation.
3. 3. There are numerous commercial biosensors available today that can recognise biochemical markers like lysine, lactate, glucose, and ethanol.
4. 4. Today's factories successfully employ the bio-enzymatic approach to create glucose and use glucose biosensors to manage production in the saccharification and fermentation workshop.
5. 5. In ion exchange retrieval, where changes in the biological composition are detected, biosensors are also used.
6. 6. For instance, studies on the ion exchange retrieval of a glutamate supernatant from an isoelectric liquor have been done using a glutamate biosensor.
7. 7. The fermentation process is a complex one with numerous crucial factors, the majority of which are difficult to track in real-time.
8. 8. To quickly optimise and control biological processes, online monitoring of important metabolites is crucial.
9. 9. Due to their simplicity and speed of reaction, biosensors have garnered a lot of attention in recent years for online monitoring of the fermentation process.
10. 10. Some microbiological sensors used in the fermentation industry include the total assimilable sugar sensor, glucose sensor, alcohol sensor, formic acid sensor, acetic acid sensor, cell population sensor, cephalosporin sensor, assimilation test sensor, and glutamic acid sensor.
11. 11. Biosensors provide greater stability and sensitivity than conventional methods and have been employed in a number of industries, including the food industry, the medical field, and the marine business.
12. 12. In the fermentation sector, product quality and process safety are crucial. Effective fermentation process monitoring is necessary for the design, optimisation, and maintenance of biological reactors at their highest efficiency.
13. 13. By keeping an eye on the presence of products, biomass, enzymes, antibodies, or by-products, biosensors can be used to detect process conditions in an indirect manner.
14. 14. Biosensors effectively manage the fermentation industry and deliver reproducible results because of their straightforward instrumentation, high selectivity, affordable cost, and ease of automation.
15. 15. The creation of monitors for a wide range of cell-growth and downstream-process parameters will be necessary for improving bioprocess control.
16. 16. The manufacturing sector is being affected by biosensor technology more and more, and there are tremendous opportunities for its growth.
17. 17. Analytical quality control and monitoring, particularly for quantitative and differential analysis of gas mixtures from chemical processes and products, the analysis of volatile organic compounds in petrochemical industries, monitoring of bleaching processes, and the detection of toxic substances in the paper and pulp industry are additional industrial applications of biosensors.

Track – 6: Applications in Biodefense and Military

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1. 1. In the event of a biological attack, biosensors can be utilised for military purposes.
2. 2. For a number of reasons, including their low cost, ease of development, confirmed injury, increased number of casualties, and significant losses to foreign nations, biological weapons are thought to be an alluring element in the conflict.
3. 3. Detection techniques for biological weapons rank among the most crucial components of military defence. Early weapon detection employs biological sensors.
4. 4. Such biosensors' primary goal is to sensitively and selectively identify organisms that pose a hazard in almost real-time, such as viruses, bacteria, poisons, and biowarfare agents (BWAs).
5. 5. There have been several attempts to develop such biosensors using molecular methods that can detect the chemical signatures of BWAs.
6. 6. As they provide gene-based specificity without requiring amplification stages to achieve detection sensitivity to the necessary levels, nucleic acid-based sensing devices are more sensitive than antibody-based detection techniques.
7. 7. When compared to the conventional detection techniques, the novel biosensor technology offers significant advantages.
8. 8. When countermeasures are designed, biosensors for the detection and measurement of biological weapons provide a collection of rational tools with deliberate importance.

Track – 7: Applications in Metabolic Engineering

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1. 1. The optimization of microbial production bioprocesses depends on the quantification and regulation of route metabolites.
2. 2. The ability to connect metabolite sensing to a variety of outputs offered by genetically encoded biosensors is crucial for metabolic engineering.
3. 3. These include building dynamic metabolite-regulated pathways to increase production and semi-quantitative analysis of metabolite concentrations to filter or choose strains with desirable metabolite properties.
4. 4. Biosensor functions are based on a wide range of mechanisms, including two-component systems, metabolite-responsive transcription factors, regulatory RNAs, cellular stress responses, and protein activities, drawing inspiration from naturally existing systems.
5. 5. The need for the development of microbial cell factories for chemical synthesis is growing due to environmental concerns and the unreliability of products made from petroleum.
6. 6. Metabolic engineering is viewed by researchers as the key technology for a sustainable bio economy.
7. 7. They have also predicted that rather than relying on petroleum refining or extraction from plants, a sizeable portion of fuels, commodity chemicals, and pharmaceuticals will be made from renewable feedstocks by utilising microorganisms.
8. 8. Due to the large capacity for diversity production, effective screening techniques are also needed to identify the people who possess the required phenotype.
9. 9. The older techniques used enzyme assay analytics based on spectroscopy, but their throughput was constrained. In order to get around this problem, genetically encoded biosensors that allow for in vivo cellular metabolism monitoring were created.
10. 10. These biosensors presented the opportunity for high-throughput screening and selection employing cell survival and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), respectively.
11. 11. Ribosomes in bacterial systems have undergone substantial engineering in recent decades.

Track – 8: Applications in Agriculture

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1. 1. Crop cultivation and animal rearing both falls under the umbrella of agriculture. These components are extremely important to our daily lives. These goods have long been vulnerable to harm from pests and illnesses.
2. 2. In order to prevent crop illnesses, insect damage, weed infestations, water shortages or surpluses, managing floods, and measuring crop nutrition and plant populations, among other things, early detection in agriculture is essential.
3. 3. For a very long time, the agriculture sector relied on human skills for quality control. Biosensors are analytical equipment that can measure a wide range of components in agricultural samples reliably, quickly, and accurately.
4. 4. Biosensors can therefore satisfy all requirements to speed up the manufacturing of agricultural goods. Different kinds of biosensors have uses in agriculture since they work on the theory of turning biological signal into electronic signal.
5. 5. With the advancement of technology, it is now possible to predict the potential appearance of crop and soil diseases using biosensors.
6. 6. Biological diagnostics of soil and crops using biosensors opens the door to effective early prevention and purification of soil illness.
7. 7. The primary applications for biosensors in agriculture include the detection of plant infections, crop diseases, herbicides, pesticides, and insecticides.
8. 8. Electrochemical biosensors are used in soil investigations to measure pH or nutrient content, manufacture high-quality, palatable food, and measure crop output yields.
9. 9. Electronic nose biosensors are intelligent devices that have been successfully used to detect insect infestations, soil-borne diseases, and fruit maturity, among other things.
10. 10. To make biosensors more accessible to everyone and everywhere, more concentrated research must be done on the development, validation, and manufacture of biosensors, particularly to increase their wide range of detection limits and lower their manufacturing costs.

Track – 9: Applications in Plant Biology

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1. 1. Plant research has advanced as a result of cutting-edge new technology in the fields of DNA sequencing and molecular imaging.
2. 2. Traditional mass spectroscopy techniques offered an unmatched level of precision for measuring cellular and subcellular localization, ion and metabolite levels, but they lacked crucial data on the position and dynamics of enzyme substrates, receptors, and transporters.
3. 3. We need to develop strategies to visualise the actual process, such as the transformation of one metabolite into another or the induction of signalling events, in order to measure a dynamic process under physiological conditions.
4. 4. Biosensors that react dynamically can perform this visualisation. Fruits' shelf lives, seed viability, nutrient deficiencies, and biotic and abiotic stressors are all detected using biosensors.
5. 5. Rapid response to stimuli like carbon dioxide, a portable, low-cost diagnostic device, real-time monitoring, and remote control are some advantages of biosensors.
6. 6. The biosensors exhibit as optical or electrical outputs when the analytes undergo little changes, activating them.
7. 7. Biospecific recognition components like DNA, oligos, aptamers, enzymes, and antibodies help to improve specificity.
8. 8. Different kinds of biosensors are beneficial for the growth of plants.
9. 9. Biosensors can be used to find missing components necessary for the analyte's regulation, transport, or metabolism.
10. 10. Phloem loading-sucrose efflux from the mesophyll is carried out via a transport step by the FRET sensor for sucrose, which is in charge of identifying proteins.
11. 11. When starving yeast cells are exposed to glucose, fluorimeter-based assays with FRET sugar sensors successfully identify sugar transporters that can start working right away.
12. 12. Similar experiments discover genes in yeast that influence the cytosolic or vacuolar pH, and they support the use of biosensors in genetic screens as long as appropriate imaging technologies with a high throughput are available.

Track – 10: Applications in Veterinary

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1. 1. Numerous studies are being conducted globally to provide different biosensor approaches for the early identification of veterinary diseases. The validation and commercialization of this method are key to its success.
2. 2. The ability to recognise and manage outbreaks of biosensors can be a huge help to scientists and veterinarians.
3. 3. A number of antibody-based biosensors have been developed for detection of viral pathogens of veterinary significance like Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1, Swine origin influenza virus (S–OIV) subtype H1N1, Rabies virus by using electrochemical and optical transducers and Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Duck hepatitis virus serotype1 (DHV1), Porcine Rotavirus, Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) using optical transducers, Coxsackie virus B4 using mass based transducers.
4. 4. For the detection of Candida albicans, Vibrio cholera, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium, piezoelectric immunosensors were created. For the purpose of finding E. coli in samples of food, biosensors are employed.
5. 5. To detect a variety of infections and poisons, a cell-based biosensor method is employed.
6. 6. For the purpose of identifying and measuring aflatoxins, an immuno-affinity fluorimetric biosensor was created.
7. 7. Aflatoxin in milk sample detection has also been done using this biosensor. A multiple-enzyme amperometric biosensor was used for calculating lactose content in fresh, unpasteurized milk. This approach could be employed in the milking parlour as a less expensive online lactose measurement tool.
8. 8. Meatcheck, an amperometric glucose sensor, has been successfully commercialised. The meatcheck, a four-electrode array on a knife, measures the glucose gradient directly beneath the surface of the meat.
9. 9. The gradient's size is a reliable predictor of meat quality since it relates to microbial activity on the meat's surface. While laboratory-based microbiological testing takes days, this gadget returns data instantly. Lactic acid concentration is a crucial indicator for the meat industry since it tells you how fresh the meat is.
10. 10. An enzyme-based biosensor using an amperometric transducer and immobilised lactate oxidase as the bioreceptor, without requiring specific sample preparation, this biosensor calculates lactic acid fast and inexpensively.
11. 11. Milk residues of sulfamethazine enrofloxacin and its metabolite, ciprofloxacin, were detected using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor (SPR).
12. 12. A screening assay based on optical biosensor detection of ractopamine in Swine and its metabolites was created.
13. 13. Biosensors show enormous potential for the future as long as all the issues are fully resolved because they are quick, easy, cost-effective, and have an on-site use compared to standard analytical procedures.

Track – 11: Applications in Forensic Sciences and Crime Detection

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1. 1. In forensic analysis, biosensors are the perfect biological tools for quick, accurate initial screening and testing to find suspect elements like biological and chemical agents at crime scenes.
2. 2. It is made feasible by the widespread use of various biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, microbes, antibodies, and enzymes. These biosensors offer many benefits, including speed, minimal sample manipulation, high sensitivity, and stability, specificity, and low cost.
3. 3. They have also grown in importance as a tool for forensic investigation and criminal detection.
4. 4. In the context of forensic analysis, biosensors not only have the potential to save time—which can be crucial in areas like crime scene analysis or drug identification where the results could swiftly assist in bringing an offender to justice—but they also have the potential to reduce the frequency of false positive results.
5. 5. Blood, hair, and human serum are among the biological elements that are frequently found at crime scenes.
6. 6. With the advent of new technology, fingerprints have joined the list of biological elements that can be analysed by biosensors. Individuals' human fingerprints are distinctive. They are therefore a helpful tool for locating suspects and unknown individuals.
7. 7. However, fingerprints are not always accurate and are frequently challenging to interpret. Here, biosensor analysis comes into play.
8. 8. It is possible to analyse tiny quantities of biological fluids discovered in and around fingerprints using the ultra-sensitive instruments. Information on potential gender, age, drug/medication traces, and other characteristics can be generated using data.
9. 9. Numerous substances, including semen, rape samples, blood samples, and saliva fingerprints, serve as detecting elements for biosensors at crime scenes.
10. 10. In order to identify the suspect and possibly even track down the culprit, forensics uses biosensors to find the biomolecules and biological elements present at crime scenes.
11. 11. In order to determine if the suspect is telling the truth or not, biosensors are frequently utilised in lie detection processes. All of these detection procedures utilise various and distinct types of biosensors.
12. 12. The best serum marker now available for the identification of prostate cancer is prostate-specific antigen, which is also the preferred forensic marker for establishing the presence of azoospermic semen in some sexual assault cases.
13. 13. In cases of sexual assault, the method of choice for forensically determining the presence of semen in the absence of sperm is now PSA detection.
14. 14. Forensic analysis has been established using a limited number of optical biosensors that are now on the market.
15. 15. Fluorescence-based and label-free detection are the two detection techniques in optical biosensing that are most frequently utilised for forensic analysis.
16. 16. With more study, biosensors will eventually be able to support the advancement of the forensic sciences sectors.
17. 17. To assist law enforcement officials, more research may be done to develop a testing kit that covers a wide range of substances, both illegal and legal, and has improved accuracy and precision.

Track – 12: Applications in Robotics

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1. 1. Robots are programmable machines that may operate alone or partially autonomously. Through sensors and actuators, they communicate with the outside world. Many robots, meanwhile, have limited capabilities and lack artificial intelligence.
2. 2. New developments in brain-controlled robotics are expected to be driven by a revolutionary carbon-based biosensor.
3. 3. The biosensor sticks to the skin of the head and faces in order to pick up electrical signals that the brain is sending. These signals can be converted into instructions that autonomous robotic systems can follow.
4. 4. Robotic exoskeletons or assistive robotic arms or hands interact with external devices using biomedical signals that are recorded from cerebral or muscle activity.
5. 5. However, given that the majority of existing biomedical devices are still found in hospitals, rehabilitation centres, and research facilities, efforts are still needed to make these technologies accessible to end consumers.
6. 6. The development of biosensing technologies offers reliable methods for evaluating the user's neuromechanical behaviour and mental states, which, when used in conjunction with robotic therapy, significantly enhances the recovery of motor or cognitive function.
7. 7. In several recent research, the use of biosensors as a significant tool for tracking and evaluating progress throughout rehabilitation therapies has become commonplace.
8. 8. Using biosensors to infer patients' intended or actual mobility to control external devices is another significant use of assistive technologies. Cameras, lighting, props, and even performers can all be carried by a robotic arm powered by sensors.
9. 9. The director was able to get amazing images for the film by using the robotic arm behind the scenes. The micro-robot for the biological environment is an intriguing robotics technology that is currently being developed.
10. 10. Sensors, signal processing, a memory unit, and a feedback system that operate on a micro-scale may all be incorporated into a micro-robot. The implications of this development for integrated micro-bio-robotic systems used in biological engineering and research could be significant.

Track – 13: Applications in Marine sector

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1. 1. Harmful algal blooms (HABs), which are occurring more frequently in the ocean and are strongly linked to eutrophication and climate change, are a serious issue for nations all over the world.
2. 2. The presence of algae that produce toxins is particularly concerning in relation to HABs. HABs are connected to six main groups of marine biotoxins.
3. 3. Intoxication syndromes with mild to severe symptoms, including fatalities in extreme cases, can result from ingesting such chemicals through contaminated shellfish, fish, or other possible vectors.
4. 4. Recent cases of phycotoxin poisoning in fish (puffer and ciguatera) and shellfish (paralytic, diarrhoeic, neurologic, amnesic, and azaspiracid) have made it clear how vital it is to rely on the right diagnostic methods.
5. 5. Numerous analysis approaches (such as bioassays, immunological assays, chromatographic procedures, and enzyme inhibition-based assays) have been created with this objective in mind.
6. 6. For quick, easy, low-cost, and reliable toxicity screening, biosensors present themselves as promising biotools that can be used in place of or in addition to traditional analysis procedures.
7. 7. In order to quantify pollution as indicated by variations in photosynthetic activity, a whole-cell sensor system that has been used to analyse seawater makes use of the marine algae Spirulina sub salsa linked to a Clark-type oxygen electrode in a flow-through system.
8. 8. Whole-cell sensors have an advantage in this situation since they provide data on bioavailability and may monitor physiological responses that are important to marine processes.
9. 9. Pollutants released into the marine environment by generated water and drilling fluids from oil exploration platforms are a subject unique to marine monitoring.
10. 10. Produced water may be harmful in a short period of time or over time. The toxicity measurement by a biosensor system is a helpful tool.
11. 11. By effectively deploying such biosensor platforms, it may be possible to meet the urgent need for better monitoring of HABs and marine biotoxins and lessen their negative economic effects on the world.

Track – 14: Applications in Cybersecurity and Biometrics

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1. 1. A developing trend in cybersecurity is the use of biosensors. A unique approach to cryptography as well as the usage of sensors for person authentication has recently been developed.
2. 2. The future of user identification, cryptography, and atypical computing as a whole may be significantly impacted by this brief integration of cryptology with biosensors.
3. 3. The development of these systems to replace random number generators in cryptography may result from further study of various biosensor systems paired with stronger and more reliable encryption techniques.
4. 4. Further research on biosensors for direct data encryption could offer a substitute for the DNA-based encryption that has received a lot of attention.
5. 5. A current area of interest for biosensors is biometrics. The use of sweat content for biometric applications is developing, but more study is required before biometrics can be used with confidence for biosensor-based authentication.
6. 6. The primary future component that would need to be investigated is a long-term study involving the monitoring of the levels of the selected metabolites in people and how the levels fluctuate over time in relation to other factors such as stress, food, and other daily routines.
7. 7. Additional metabolites would need to be simultaneously monitored for increased security when used for authentication, especially for higher-security systems and cybersecurity.
8. 8. This monitoring procedure would benefit both the development of biometrics and already-existing fields like clinical diagnostics.

Session – 3: Wearable Biosensors and Implantable Biosensors

The third session is particularly designed for wearable biosensors and implantable biosensors. This session is for discussing the mechanism, basic theory, innovations, advancements, uses, benefits, recent trends, ongoing research, challenges, future, and other subjects of wearable biosensors and implantable biosensors.

Track – 1: Wearable Biosensors

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1. 1. Combining biosensors with wearable items that can be worn on the body, these devices are known as wearable biosensors.
2. 2. Smartwatches, tattoos, bandages, gloves, clothing, patches, spectacles, and other wearables are examples of wearables items that integrate sensors into them and are used to wear in the human body.
3. 3. Wearable biosensors (WBSs) are small electronic gadgets that let users use their mobile or portable devices for in-vivo sensing, data recording, and computing.
4. 4. Without endangering human organs, wearable biosensor technologies offer direct connection to human skin, body movement compliance, quick reaction, enhanced application, point of care testing, and self-health management.
5. 5. These tools also allow for the non-invasive, real-time quantification of several biochemical indicators in bodily fluids like saliva, tears, perspiration, and skin.
6. 6. With the growth of mechanical engineering, wireless communication technologies, and unique innovations in material science, a variety of wearable devices have been created and put to use for processing and simultaneously analysing biomarkers to enhance healthcare management.
7. 7. With a combination of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling, and transport systems coupled with flexible materials and body attachments for increased wearability and simplicity, wearable technology has gradually advanced.
8. 8. The wearable biochemical sensors use integrated lab-on-chip technology to simultaneously analyse the trace and processing of various samples.
9. 9. These wearable sensors that have built-in capabilities for monitoring recognised indicators resolve a number of glaring issues in the health, medicinal, and sporting fields.
10. 10. WBSs are renowned for fostering two-way communication between doctors and patients. The development of illness detection and treatment depends on the use of wearable biosensors that enable continuous monitoring of physiological signals.
11. 11. Wearable systems are tools that let doctors get over technological constraints and respond to the demand for long-term monitoring of patients.
12. 12. The data sets captured by these systems are then analysed to identify trends indicative of a potential deterioration in the clinical conditions of the patients, and they are examined to determine the effects of clinical interventions.
13. 13. The ability of these wearables to provide patients with feedback and a deeper understanding of the relationships between analyte concentrations in blood or non-invasive biofluids is promising and crucial for the prompt diagnosis, treatment, and management of medical disorders.
14. 14. The first biosensing devices, like glucometers, glucose test strips, and glucowatches, were created and designed for in vitro or single-use measurements.
15. 15. Additionally, the development of wearable biosensors for non-invasive monitoring in healthcare and biological applications has been made possible by the growth of biosensor technologies.
16. 16. WBSs are divided into motion state, biophysical, and biochemical sensors according to the various parameters that are assessed.
17. 17. The motion state sensors are primarily used to assess human physiological factors such as gait, sleep, and tremor for real-time monitoring and gathering of long-term data.
18. 18. Utilising wearable biochemical sensors, researchers and lab staff can precisely measure biomarkers in bodily fluids to keep tabs on metabolic processes and health concerns.
19. 19. Wearable biophysical sensors have an intriguing feature that allows for real-time detection of biophysical parameters like blood pressure, blood glucose levels, heart rate, and temperature, all of which have important uses in the healthcare industry.
20. 20. The biochemical biosensors have not yet been commercialised, whereas the biophysical and motion state sensors are readily available and utilised by customers.
21. 21. Wearable biosensors could aid human society in preventing hospitalisation and early detection of health events.
22. 22. WBS comfort and improved use can open up new avenues for insight on a patient's current state of health.
23. 23. The availability of real-time data will facilitate improved clinical judgment, which will improve health outcomes and increase the effectiveness of the use of healthcare resources.
24. 24. Sensing electrodes, which are primarily based on the electrochemical approach, are crucial to the construction of wearable sensors.
25. 25. Metal-based film electrodes are the standard sensing electrodes for wearable sensing.
26. 26. The performance of wearable biochemical sensors has improved as a result of various developments reported in the search for new materials, such as hybrid and metallic nanoparticles, nanocomposite, carbon, and polymeric materials to be used as electrode materials. In order to monitor human health non-invasively, wirelessly, and consistently, wearable biosensors have been developed.
27. 27. A 2D nanomaterial called graphene has drawn a lot of interest in the creation of wearable biosensors because of its exceptional structural, chemical, and physical characteristics.
28. 28. Innovative micro-manufacturing techniques provide dependable and strong support for designing and refining the sensing electrodes' operating characteristics.
29. 29. Significant work has been put into developing these wearable sensors in recent years as the need to identify the many biomarkers that have an impact on health becomes more and more important.
30. 30. By facilitating the gathering of continuous physiologic data in a range of settings, wearable biosensors provide the potential to enhance patient treatment for congenital heart disease.
31. 31. The process of transforming wearable biosensor data into useful insights will rely heavily on artificial intelligence and machine learning.
32. 32. Wearable biosensor design, testing, and implementation should take unique factors into account due to the considerable heterogeneity in congenital heart disease physiology.
33. 33. There are many wearable body and brain technologies that can be used for personal use right now.
34. 34. Some recent developments of WBS are - ring biosensor (to monitor heart rate and oxygen saturation), googles smart lens (to measure the glucose amount in tears), graphene vapor biosensor (to collect information from patients breath and skin), smart shirt (to monitor the vital signs of humans), Q sensor (understanding, communicating, and measuring emotions), health patch biosensor (to monitor chronic diseases by gathering biometric data like pulmonary, neurologic, cardiovascular and other data), wearable glucose biosensor (to monitor glucose level), simband wearable biosensors (for real time data collection about heart rate and blood pressure), wearable biosensors tattoos (to monitor sweat to track weight), etc.
35. 35. Along with this wearable biosensors can be used in mouth guard, headset, armband, shoes, belt, strip etc.
36. 36. The advancement of wearable biosensors may enable patients to continuously check their health data.
37. 37. We are grateful for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technology because it is one of the key factors in the ongoing and updated health statistics provided by wearable biosensors.
38. 38. Recent advancements in wearable biosensor technology have made it possible to improve life quality, lower medical error rates, and lower healthcare expenses.
39. 39. In the future healthcare system, patient control WBS infrastructure may be crucial.

Track – 2: Implantable Biosensors

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1. 1. Real-time monitoring by implantable biosensors provides a fantastic chance to gather physiological data from within the body.
2. 2. Biosensors that can be implanted into the body are intended to stay there for a long time. These provide a further possible option for ongoing observation while easing pain and discomfort for the patient.
3. 3. Implantable biosensors are composed of (i) an internal wireless sensing network and (ii) a few external entities that are in charge of data collection and distribution, respectively, outside the body.
4. 4. For instance, poisons in consumed food and inhaled air can be detected by implantable biosensors in the subcutaneous skin layer, nasal region, and tongue.
5. 5. Biocompatibility (biofouling or low immune reaction), high accuracy, biodegradability, reliability, and miniaturisation (stretchable, lightweight, flexible, and ultra-thin) are all prerequisites for biosensors used in the in vivo environment.
6. 6. These devices can alert the host of the presence of toxins or take corrective action after detecting them, depending on the biosensor infrastructures. Implantable biosensors require materials that are in vivo biocompatible, biodegradable, mechanically suitable, and flexible.
7. 7. Due to the various bodily reactions to foreign elements, in vivo biocompatibility testing is rarely advised.
8. 8. When foreign substances are ingested, the human body experiences some biological reactions (also known as the host response), which might result in tissue or organ malfunction.
9. 9. Due to the softness of tissues and organs and the need for the device to cling to its designated and targeted area, flexibility of the materials, in addition to biocompatibility, is a crucial factor.
10. 10. Important criteria include the device's shape and size. Bulky gadgets are more likely to be biologically rejected.
11. 11. The risk of tissue dysfunction, inflammation, and deformity can be increased by the prolonged presence of foreign substances in the body, even when implantable devices made of soft materials and with good biocompatibility are suitable for clinical use.
12. 12. The body's natural metabolic processes can cause complete or partial deterioration of these devices. Metals, such as magnesium, zinc, and molybdenum, have been employed as conductors in some implantable devices.
13. 13. Other materials such as silicon, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, and nitride (SiNx) are employed as nanomembranes, semiconductors, and insulators.
14. 14. Aside from that, polymers with an ester group (RCOOR′), such as polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), were used as substrates because they can be broken down by blood-borne water molecules, or producing a byproduct that is soluble and absorbable by the body.
15. 15. The adhesion topic can be seen from two angles: (i) long-term implantable devices, and (ii) short-term implantable devices.
16. 16. The sensor may be removed painlessly and easily after use without harming the tissue or leaving behind any residue, and short-term adhesives are less expensive than long-term adhesives.
17. 17. The sensor may not stay in place during movement or physical activity, and it may also irritate the skin or trigger allergic responses.
18. 18. Biocompatible substances like silicone, hydrogels, or other polymers that establish solid connections with the tissue are used to achieve long-term adherence.
19. 19. It's appropriate for sensors that must stay in place for protracted periods of time, ranging from days to years.
20. 20. Long-term adhesion's key benefit is that it offers a more dependable and secure connection, enabling ongoing monitoring without frequently repositioning or replacing.
21. 21. Any implanted device cannot be added because the presence of living fluids on the surface of tissues or organs generates a moist environment. Using mechanical joints to fix the devices, such as helixes or corkscrews, is one invasive technique.
22. 22. An interesting method for treating neurological problems like ischemia, pelvic, and Parkinson's disorders is the attachment and adhesion of implanted devices to nerve tissues.
23. 23. Another achievement is the retina implantable biosensors, which capture light signals from the outside and trigger the optical cells to provide partial vision.
24. 24. Since the development of implantable biosensors, many of them—including heart pacemakers, vagus nerve stimulators, and cochlear implants—have gained FDA approval and industrialization.
25. 25. Implantable biosensors are divided into several varieties based on the material they are made of, including electrochemical active-based implantable biosensors, implanted biosensors made of nanomaterials, fiber-based implantable biosensors, implantable biosensors made of polymers, etc.
26. 26. Brain stimulators, heart failure monitoring, blood glucose level monitoring, cancer treatment, post-market surveillance, human factor studies, etc. are clinical applications of implantable biosensors.
27. 27. Healthcare professionals can regularly check on patients' physiology with the aid of implantable biosensors. Practitioners can reduce the number of patients at crowded hospitals and clinics while making earlier diagnoses of health issues by receiving daily information about patients' physiology.
28. 28. Patient stratification would be made possible by the collecting of patient data via biosensors, which would allow for the development of a predictive, preventive, and interactive medical follow-up system as well as more effective therapies.
29. 29. The patient data gathered from biosensors might be put to use for big data analysis, which would scrutinise factors like sociodemographics, medical problems, genetics, and treatments to find new trends.
30. 30. With the use of implantable biosensors, people can take control of their health and lower their stress levels, which are known to contribute to a number of chronic illnesses.
31. 31. The creation of a fully lab-on-chip system was a significant step toward the development of wireless implantable biochip sensors.
32. 32. Additionally, implanted bio-MEMS (bio-MEMS) may demonstrate its in-situ blood flow monitoring capability.
33. 33. In some therapeutic applications, such as the treatment of big or metastatic cancers, there are restrictions in terms of accuracy and efficacy.
34. 34. Body reactions and insufficient power supplies (caused by the reduced battery and electronic capacity and wireless data transfer) are the two factors that restrict the effectiveness of implantable biosensors.
35. 35. Numerous implantable sensors have revealed modest cell damage as technology has advanced. Implantable devices have improved medical care and therapy, yet their negative side effects and expensive price still raise interesting questions.
36. 36. The present procedures and advancements in the field of implanted biosensors will pave the way for novel biomedical applications and diagnostic tools that track events occurring inside the body over time.

Session – 4: Immunosensor and MEMS-Based Biosensor (Bio-MEMS)

This session is for discussing the mechanism, basic theory, innovations, advancements, principals, uses, benefits, recent trends, ongoing research, evolution, challenges, future, and other subjects of immunosensors and MEMS-based biosensors (Bio-MEMS).

Track -1: Immunosensor

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1. 1. An immunosensor is a solid-state device in which a transducer is coupled to an immunochemical reaction.
2. 2. One of the most significant groups of affinity biosensors, they rely, like immunoassays, on the precise molecular recognition of antigens by antibodies to form stable complexes.
3. 3. Due to the specific binding of an antibody to its corresponding antigen, immunosensors have great selectivity and sensitivity, making them a viable platform for a variety of applications, particularly in the medical and bioanalysis domains.
4. 4. These tools offer a practical method for determining the biomolecule content in bodily fluids (such as urine, serum, etc.) by monitoring the immune response.
5. 5. A specific target analyte, antigen (Ag), is detected by the creation of a stable immunocomplex between antigen and antibody as a capture agent (Ab), resulting in the generation of a quantifiable signal provided by a transducer, in a biosensor known as an immunosensor.
6. 6. An immunoassay system is based on the interaction between the antibody and the antigen in that the antigen recognition process takes place elsewhere. This is a subtle distinction between immunosensors and immunoassays.
7. 7. However, the development of the immunocomplex and diagnosis occur on the same platform in immunosensors.
8. 8. The commercial Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), used in the field of clinical testing and biochemistry, is an illustration of an immunoassay system.
9. 9. A particular Ag is immobilised on a solid substrate and joined to a particular Ab (primary Ab) in traditional ELISA kits. The antigen is sandwiched between the primary Ab and secondary Ab with an enzyme label in the last stage, which also involves the addition of the Ab coupled to an enzyme (as a kind of label).
10. 10. An optical transducer can read a detectable signal from this response by changing colour. Due to their excellent sensitivity and selectivity, immunosensors hold great promise as an alternative to optical immunoassay methods for the diagnosis of clinically significant analytes. An antibody (Ab) or an antigen (Ag) could be the target in an immunosensor.
11. 11. Some studies have reported an immunosensor for Ab detection, despite the fact that the majority of immunosensors are based on detecting antigen using antibodies.
12. 12. Immunosensors can be broadly categorised into two groups based on their methods of detection: (1) label-free immunosensors, also known as direct immunosensors, and (2) labelled immunosensors, also known as indirect immunosensors.
13. 13. While labelled assays sandwich the analyte between the capture agent and labelled agent with a special label such as a fluorophore, enzyme, quantum dot, or radioisotope in order to obtain signal, label-free assays measure the presence of an analyte directly via biochemical reactions on a transducer surface.
14. 14. Label-free immunosensors are able to identify physical or chemical alterations resulting immediately from the development of immunological antigen-antibody complexes.
15. 15. However, non-specific adsorption has a severe negative impact on the responsiveness of label-free immunosensors.
16. 16. A minor signal is always produced due to the non-specific binding of the antigen or other proteins on the surface of the substrate, even though in general no signal should be seen in the absence of an antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) interaction.
17. 17. Labelled immunosensors work by creating a signal from one or more labels to provide highly sensitive and flexible detection.
18. 18. If the number of labels observed during measurement is equal to the number of target analytes, labels can be affixed to an antibody or antigen in labelled immunosensors to achieve an electron transfer.
19. 19. Labelled immunosensors, as opposed to label-free ones, have some benefits like greater sensitivity and less impact from non-specific adsorption on the signal, but they also have some disadvantages like the reduction in antigen-antibody binding efficiency when labelling a biomolecule as a result of the unpredictability of the biomolecule label coupling reaction.
20. 20. The two additional options for labelled immunosensors are competitive format and non-competitive format.
21. 21. For biomarkers of cancer, infections, autoimmune illnesses, antibodies, cardiac diseases, poisons, etc., immunosensors can be developed.
22. 22. The principal application of immunosensors is clinical analysis, particularly the identification of cancer biomarkers.
23. 23. Based on their transduction mode, immunosensors can be divided into three primary groups: electrochemical (luminescence, refractive index, and fluorescence), optical (potentiometric, amperometric, conductometric, and impedance), and piezoelectric devices.
24. 24. With their quick and consistent signals, electrochemical immunosensors are one method that makes analysis simpler.
25. 25. Electrochemical immunosensors, which rely on sensing currents and/or voltage arising from binding between antibody and antigen, are typically created by immobilising a recognition element (i.e., antibody or antigen) on the electrode surface.
26. 26. In the upcoming years, it is anticipated that research in this area will continue to expand, and point-of-care testing systems will soon find widespread applications that will significantly advance the state of healthcare.

Track - 2: MEMS-Based Biosensor (Bio-MEMS)

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1. 1. A biosensor that is MEMS-based makes use of its small size and is produced using microfabrication technology.
2. 2. A biological element is combined with a physiochemical transducer, like a microsystem. The exceptional selectivity and sensitivity of biologically active compounds are utilised by a particular family of chemical sensors.
3. 3. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are a new class of precision devices that have attracted scientific attention as a result of substantial developments in the electronics miniaturisation area.
4. 4. The novel method was created by fusing the most recent developments in intelligent nanostructured materials with the proven high sensitivity of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) based on the variation of surface stress.
5. 5. By employing colorimetric detection without labelling and a low-cost RGB camera and LED, this sort of sensor and biosensor research would enable the simultaneous quantitative and quick detection of several analytes or chemicals.
6. 6. Utilising colour analysis software, it is possible to quantify the colour shift that mechanical sensors in an array experience throughout detecting operations.
7. 7. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are a brand-new category of devices as a result of the enormous progress made in electronics miniaturisation.
8. 8. MEMS, or microscaled electromechanical systems, are small, precise devices that are often created by micromachining techniques that integrate mechanical and electrical components to perform tasks typically handled by larger systems.
9. 9. MEMS are micrometer-scaled, precise devices that perform tasks generally handled by bigger systems using a combination of mechanical and electrical components.
10. 10. MEMS devices, which typically range in size from a few micrometers to several millimetres, are made mostly of silicon using micromachining processes that were first used in the integrated circuit sector.
11. 11. Transducers, which can be either sensors or actuators and change one kind of signal into another, are the most prevalent kind of MEMS.
12. 12. The MEMS device's mechanism is based on energy transduction, and it entails the transmission of data from the sensing unit to the controller.
13. 13. The controller then makes a decision based on the control algorithm and outputs the command to the actuating unit.
14. 14. MEMS devices have several benefits, particularly because of their small size, which is strongly related to traits like simplicity of integration, light weight, low power consumption, and high resonance frequency.
15. 15. MEMS have the potential to be integrated into electrical or electronic circuits, which improves their performance and makes them the best choice for wearable and self-powered devices.
16. 16. Reduced fabrication costs as a result of high mass manufacturing as well as excellent precision, sensitivity, and throughput are further benefits.
17. 17. Sensors, switches, filter, and gears that were integrated with optoelectronic, radiofrequency, thermal, microelectronic, or mechanical devices were produced using MEMS.
18. 18. They are used in numerous industries right now, including automotive, aerospace, microfluidics, the military, energy storage, data storage, analytical biology and chemistry, telecommunications, and biomedicine.
19. 19. MEMS devices, also referred to as bio-microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS), lab-on-chips (LoCs), or biochips, micro total analysis systems (TAS), have the potential to be used in the fields of medicine and health care systems in the creation of artificial organs, drug synthesis, microsurgery, drug delivery, microtherapy, diagnostics, and genome synthesis and sequencing.
20. 20. Combining BIOMEMS with the Internet of Things (IoT) enables continuous health monitoring and the bulk uploading of continuously updated data to the cloud, where it is processed and combined to perform an early and individualised evaluation, reducing the risk of contracting certain diseases.
21. 21. Semiconductor components are used in the manufacture of MEMS devices. Silicon has always been the material of choice for the production of MEMS devices, much like the integrated circuit industry.
22. 22. Silicon (Si) based materials and the collection of fabrication techniques inherited from the microelectronics sector dominate current MEMS technology.
23. 23. Piezoelectric materials, ceramics, polymer materials, metals, and metal nanocomposites have all been used more frequently in the manufacture of MEMS.
24. 24. Additionally, the usage of glass, particularly borosilicate glass, as a material for MEMS production has increased during the past few years. Semiconductor micromachining, which uses photolithography and etching to create the necessary geometries, is the primary method for creating MEMS.
25. 25. The key procedure in MEMS manufacture, which is carried out using photolithography techniques, is patterning.
26. 26. The key procedure in MEMS manufacture, which is carried out using photolithography techniques, is patterning.
27. 27. In particular, after being exposed to UV light, the substrate coated with a light-sensitive polymer film will change its solubility by either becoming more cross-linked if the photoresists are negative or less cross-linked if they are positive.
28. 28. Lithographic and non-lithographic technologies are the main methods used to build MEMS devices. MEMS-based biosensors use a variety of technologies, including surface acoustics wave, electrochemical, bulk acoustics wave, electrospun, thermal, viscometric, and optical.
29. 29. Biomedical applications have become a crucial component of MEMS-based biosensors.
30. 30. The system size is substantially smaller thanks to micromachining than it was with the big, heavy system.
31. 31. It makes it possible to create a tool for use at the point of care. Producing portable equipment is simple.
32. 32. The price of diagnosing different ailments has drastically decreased. This kind of sensor is the subject of extensive research and is simplifying our lives.

Session – 5: Nucleic Acid-Based Biosensors and Enzyme Based Biosensors

This session is focused on nucleic acid-based biosensors and enzyme-based biosensors. This session is for discussing the mechanism, basic theory, innovations, working principles, advancements, uses, benefits, recent trends, ongoing research, challenges, future, and other subjects of nucleic acid-based biosensors and enzyme-based biosensors.

Track -1: Nucleic Acid-Based Biosensors

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1. 1. Nucleic acids have drawn more attention recently as bioreceptors for biosensors and biochips.
2. 2. A device that combines a nucleic acid as the biorecognition component and a transducer in charge of turning the biorecognition event into a quantifiable signal is known as a nucleic acid-based biosensor or genosensor.
3. 3. Due to their extensive use in monitoring parameters, which is crucial in the sectors of clinical diagnostics, medication development, and the food business, among others, these biosensors are becoming more and more significant.
4. 4. It is crucial for food safety to monitor mycotoxins and foodborne illness pathogens using nucleic acid detection.
5. 5. DNA, RNA, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), and aptamers are the several types of nucleic acid molecules. The biorecognition event, which is based on the hybridization mechanism, is the fundamental idea underpinning nucleic acid-based biosensors.
6. 6. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) hybridization is a key component of the biorecognition mechanism in this type of biosensor.
7. 7. Nucleic acids can be immobilised in the biosensor and serve as the biorecognition component as well as the target analyte. When the probe sequence immobilised on the transducer is made to complement the target sequence while also exhibiting selectivity for non-complementary sequences, this event takes place.
8. 8. Aptamers, on the other hand, work more like antigen-antibody or receptor-ligand interactions in terms of their detection principle, which is frequently accompanied by conformational changes in the aptamer.
9. 9. The biosensor can also be categorised according to the biorecognition component. DNA-based biosensors can be double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), stem-and-loop DNA, or triplex-helical DNA.
10. 10. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), also known as DNA aptamer, can also be classified in this way. The biorecognition component of RNA-based biosensors can be single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), also referred to as RNA aptamers.
11. 11. PNA has also been considered as a different biorecognition component. Nucleic acids are immobilised to a solid support and coupled to a transducer to create nucleic acid-based biosensors.
12. 12. The process of immobilisation facilitates probe accessibility and alignment to the target part.
13. 13. Due to its benefits, such as the amplification of the target and signal as well as the development of chemically stable and reusable bio-recognition layers, over other nucleic acid molecules, DNA is frequently selected as the biorecognition element.
14. 14. The DNA immobilisation process must be taken into account when designing a DNA-based biosensor since it has a substantial impact on the sensor's effectiveness and response. Methods of immobilisation vary depending on the function of the biosensor and the type of transducer.
15. 15. The transducer surface must 1) display specific binding to the DNA probe in solution and 2) preserve the ability to detect the presence of the analyte in order to be deemed an optimal immobilisation. A family of single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides is known as aptamers.
16. 16. Aptamers are classified as a nucleic acid-based biosensor kind of biorecognition element in biosensing systems.
17. 17. High selectivity and affinity have been observed for DNA aptamers when binding to a variety of bioanalytes, including proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, cells, and tiny compounds including cocaine, aflatoxin B1, dopamine, and metal ions.
18. 18. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that they are capable of differentiating between enantiomers. However, RNA aptamers frequently have a higher binding affinity than DNA aptamers to the same target sequence because of the 2' hydroxyl functional group.
19. 19. The secondary and tertiary structures of the aptamer undergo a conformational shift as a result of the interaction between the aptamer and the target ligand. The capacity for hybridization enables the support to be immobilised while also interacting with the analyte.
20. 20. As a result, in aptamer-based biosensors, these structural alterations are what produce a signal that is frequently simple to detect.
21. 21. Regarding the binding pattern mechanism, the antigen-antibody model and the aptamer detection model share certain similarities.
22. 22. The three-dimensional structure of aptamers, however, allows for great affinity and binding selectivity.
23. 23. Finding the precise ssDNA/RNA sequences that can attach to the target ligand is the main obstacle in the development of aptamer-based biosensors.
24. 24. The variety of aptamers, which can be used to identify proteins, cells, nucleic acids, pathogens, metabolites, drugs, enantiomers, etc., makes them great biorecognition components.
25. 25. Aptamers also provide extraordinary flexibility and convenience in the design of their structures, which has resulted in the development of novel biosensors with great sensitivity and selectivity.
26. 26. Recent research has demonstrated that aptamer-based sensors function much better when combined with new nanomaterials.
27. 27. Riboswitches are conceptually viewed as a development of aptamer-based biosensing technology. Small molecules like ions, metabolites, or uncharged tRNA can all be directly bound to by riboswitches.
28. 28. Additionally, coenzymes, peptides, carbohydrates, metallic ions, amino acids, and nucleic acids are just a few of the numerous compounds that riboswitches have the ability to recognise with high specificity.
29. 29. Since they can discriminate between molecules with identical structures, riboswitches are a possible alternative to traditional biosensing techniques. Riboswitches are made up of an expression platform and an aptamer domain.
30. 30. By attaching to certain metabolite ligands, riboswitches, which are mRNA components, control the production of mRNA on the same molecule in which they are encoded.
31. 31. The artificial DNA analogues known as peptide nucleic acids (PNAs). PNA offers several advantages over its natural counterparts, DNA and RNA, such as greater stability, improved selectivity, neutral charge, and the ability to be produced using standard peptide solid-phase synthesis procedures.
32. 32. For applications in food safety, environmental monitoring, and early illness diagnosis such as cancer, PNA-based RNA or DNA detection biosensors have been created.

Track -2: Enzyme-Based Biosensors

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1. 1. The most frequently employed biological sensing component in the creation of various biosensors is an enzyme. Biocatalysts or immobilised materials make up enzyme-based biosensors, and the biocatalytic changes are typically detected by optical and electrical electrodes.
2. 2. Simply said, any optical or electrical change at the sensing surface will reflect the biological activity taking place at the corresponding electrodes. Unique to enzymes is their capacity to quicken chemical processes occurring inside living cells.
3. 3. Even though they may be present in a complex combination with other compounds, the majority of enzymes only react with particular substrates.
4. 4. Enzymes are biological macromolecules with high selectivity, catalytic activity, and are in charge of accelerating biochemical activities in a controlled environment.
5. 5. To achieve analyte selectivity, these macromolecules can adhere to one specific molecule or analyte but not to others.
6. 6. Enzyme-based biosensors provide a quick, accurate, and continuous monitoring of analytes because of its simplicity, high selectivity, and scalability.
7. 7. Additionally, the high specificity of enzymes improves the capacity to detect lower analyte concentration limits, and the substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and inhibitor presence can affect the catalytic action.
8. 8. A molecule's oxidation or reduction, which may be observed electrochemically, or the creation of electroactive species or the consumption of an electroactive reactant could be functions of the enzyme.
9. 9. The assembly or immobilisation of the enzyme on the electrode surface is key in enzyme-based biosensors.
10. 10. The accessibility of the active site, long-term stability, and reusability of the enzyme may all be impacted by improper immobilisation.
11. 11. To increase the stability and repeatability of the detection, the enzymes can be immobilised on the surface of the transducer.
12. 12. For the purpose of granting stability, selectivity, or even enhancing enzyme performance, the choice of support material is crucial. As a result, the support material needs to be robust, stable, and inert.
13. 13. The method of immobilisation is crucial since the enzyme cannot be stable and reused without it. The immobilised enzymes can still function catalytically and can be employed constantly.
14. 14. The main techniques for immobilisation include adsorption, covalent bonding, crosslinking, encapsulation, and entrapment. The simplest techniques include entrapment, encapsulation, and adsorption.
15. 15. Adsorption is simple and cheap, but the linkages between the enzymes and the support are not strong. High stability is provided through entrapment; however the matrix may hinder the diffusion of substrates to the enzyme's active site.
16. 16. The most popular technique is covalent bonding because it creates a stable combination between the enzyme and support.
17. 17. However, the creation of the covalent bonding may have an impact on the enzyme's activity. Because of the stable binding between enzymes created by crosslinking immobilisation, which is often generated using a reactant like glutaraldehyde, stability and efficiency are improved.
18. 18. But when using reagents, structural modifications can have an impact on the activity of the enzyme.
19. 19. Despite the benefits of utilising enzymes, several drawbacks, like the enzyme's quick loss of activity as a result of interactions with the electrode surface, result in a biosensor's lifespan of only 3 to 4 weeks.
20. 20. However, this may rise if the enzyme is properly stabilised. Biosensors based on enzymes have several uses in the fields of food, medicine, and environmental monitoring.
21. 21. The most frequently mentioned enzymes in biosensors are oxidoreductases and peroxidases because they are particularly steady at catalysing oxide reduction processes.
22. 22. The most often utilised enzymes in biosensors are horseradish peroxidase (HPR), glucose oxidase (GOx), laccase, and tyrosinase. A variety of different biosensors can be built using the actions of particular enzymes.

Session – 6: Tissue-Based Biosensors and Cell-Based Biosensors

This session is for discussion on tissue-based biosensors and cell-based biosensors. This session is for discussing the mechanism, basic theory, innovations, advancements, uses, benefits, recent trends, ongoing research, challenges, future, and other subjects of tissue-based biosensors and cell-based biosensors.

Track – 1: Tissue-Based Biosensors

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1. 1. To build tissue-based biosensors for the detection of significant analytes, a variety of electrochemical transducers have been combined with biocatalysts, such as specialised tissues from higher animals and plants.
2. 2. Biosensors based on the tissue architecture of living animals can be used to quantify and detect drugs, hormones, and toxins.
3. 3. Pharmacology, Physiology, and biodefense are just a few of the biomedical sciences that could benefit from the usage of tissue-based biosensors.
4. 4. Usually, genetically modified cells or direct genetic alterations that transfer biosensor proteins into animal tissue are used to produce tissue-based biosensors.
5. 5. Biosensor cells transform the concentration of the molecule being detected into a physical signal that can be precisely measured.
6. 6. Biophotonics offers the most flexible framework for tissue-based biosensors.
7. 7. The two types of light that biosensor cells can create are fluorescence and bioluminescence, and bioluminescence has the benefit over fluorescence in that it does not require an external light source for input and has a higher signal-to-noise ratio in living things.
8. 8. Protein-protein interactions can be used to detect almost any chemical by utilising fusion proteins that can generate resonance energy transfer.
9. 9. Numerous chemicals in living animals might potentially be measured using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET).
10. 10. The potential use of tissue-based biosensors on humans will necessitate the resolution of a number of issues, most notably the method of physical output detection and proof of the safety of the genetic alterations required to introduce biosensor proteins into cells in vivo.
11. 11. For this, a variety of biological materials, including bacterial cells, plant tissues, and animal tissues, have been employed. In early research, only animal tissues from the heart, liver, and kidney were employed to make biosensors.
12. 12. However, the use of plant tissues has garnered the most interest in the development of tissue-based biosensors ever since the debut of the first electrochemical biosensor based on plant tissue.
13. 13. The development of a banana tissue biosensor increased interest in using plant tissues as the natural supply of enzymes for biosensor building.
14. 14. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), an enzyme with copper as a component that can catalyse the conversion of dopamine to quinone, was the initial draw for using bananas in the creation of tissue-based biosensors.
15. 15. Since then, several other plant tissues, including fruits, leaves, roots, seeds, and vegetables, have been employed to create a variety of tissue-based biosensors. The development of tissue-based biosensors has shown a great deal of interest in plant leaves due to their distinctive natural structural makeup.
16. 16. Mushrooms, bananas, avocados, cabbage, cucumber, spinach, yellow squash, potato, and zucchini are frequently found among the fruits and vegetables that have generated attention for the creation of tissue-based biosensors.
17. 17. Tissue-based biosensors operate and follow similar operating principles to traditional enzyme electrodes built from pure enzymes in many ways.
18. 18. The requirement to situate the tissue layer in close proximity to the chosen sensing electrode or other transducers that transforms the biocatalytic process into a quantifiable analytical response makes a tissue-based biosensor unique.
19. 19. Amperometry or potentiometry is typically used to quantify the response to the associated biocatalytic reaction. The tissue is typically combined with a dissolved oxygen electrode, a carbon paste electrode, or other gas electrodes, such as CO2 and NH3 sensors, to perform the detection in amperometric and potentiometric modes.
20. 20. The choice of tissue material (plant or animal), tissue thickness, choice of membrane, pH, buffer composition, and applied potential must all be taken into account when optimising the tissue and sensing electrode combination.
21. 21. These different plant-based biosensors have been used to analyse a wide range of sample materials, including alcoholic drinks, river water, wastewater, urine, serum, whole blood, pharmaceutical preparations, cosmetic creams, vegetables, and fruits.
22. 22. The design of tissue-based biosensors for the measurement of atrazine, catechol, dopamine, and paracetamol has attracted widespread use of plants that contain PPO, such as apple, avocado, banana, coconut, mushroom, and potato.
23. 23. The development of tissue-based biosensors for the measurement of glutathione, ascorbic acid, and organophosphorus pesticides has shown considerable interest in plant materials that contain ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO), such as cabbage, cucumber, green zucchini squash, and yellow crook neck squash.
24. 24. To build a tissue-based biosensor for the detection of tyrosine, mycotoxins, and phenolic chemicals, mushrooms and sugar beetroot were utilised.
25. 25. The application of tissue-based biosensors in bioreactors is an additional topic of interest. Using a bioreactor made of coconut tissue, for instance, may detect catechol in waste water and river water.
26. 26. Evidently, cytochrome c and lactate dehydrogenase, which are used to measure formic acid and lactate, respectively, are two of the enzymes and substrates that have drawn a lot of attention in the use of animal tissues for tissue-based biosensors.
27. 27. Adenine, alcohol, cholesterol, choline, guanine, and uric acid are a few other chemicals that have been identified using biosensors made from animal tissue.
28. 28. The following benefits are specific to using plant and animal tissues to create tissue-based biosensors: The following factors are present: (1) an abundance of tissues; (2) a relatively high enzyme concentration; (3) the availability of additional elements, such as co-factors, needed for optimal catalytic activity; (4) access to enzymes that may not be present in isolated form; (5) high stability of enzymes in the natural environment; (6) ease of use for the creation of biosensors; and (7) a very low cost in comparison to isolated enzymes.
29. 29. Additionally, there are several drawbacks, including: (1) challenges in producing appropriate immobilisation of the tissue materials; and (2) their usage is occasionally constrained by competition with other enzymes or chemicals found in the tissues.

Track – 2: Cell-Based Biosensors

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1. 1. Cell-based biosensors are living cells that have been genetically modified and are used to detect analytes in a non-invasive, cost-effective manner with excellent sensitivity and specificity.
2. 2. Cell-based biosensors are specialised tools that use immobilised living cells as sensing elements in conjunction with sensors or transducers to identify physiological parameters, including intracellular and extracellular microenvironment conditions, and to trigger responses through the interaction of stimulus and cells.
3. 3. The key distinction between cell-based biosensors and other forms of biosensors, which solely contain components derived from living creatures, is that cell-based biosensors use living cells as receptors.
4. 4. They are made up of two basic components: one is a primary transducer derived from living cells that are utilised in the initial sensing element to receive and produce signals, and the other is a secondary transducer that is used to transform physiological signals into electrical signals.
5. 5. Research on cell-based biosensors focuses on picking up, separating, and immobilising living cells on transducer surfaces as well as designing and producing specialized sensor chips to ensure good coupling and obtain precise signals from cells.
6. 6. High sensitivity, great selectivity, and quick response are the hallmarks of cell-based biosensors, which have found use in a variety of industries including environmental monitoring, biomedicine, and pharmaceutical screening.
7. 7. The study of cell-based biosensors is currently substantially advanced by cell-cultured technology, genetic technology, and silicon micromachining technology.
8. 8. When external stimulation, such as drugs, chemicals, and electric stimuli, are applied to cell-based biosensors, cells grown on chips often produce action potentials and ionic or molecular changes that can be detected by devices submerged in a thin layer of electrolyte.
9. 9. Transducers and potential and current changes pair to allow cell-based biosensors to track changes in the extracellular environment.
10. 10. Cell-based biosensors can respond to a variety of chemical and biological analytes and find useful information by using living cells as sensitive components.
11. 11. It has been suggested that the activation and inactivation of cellular receptors and ionic channels cause electriferous clusters and ions to move across the cell membrane and interact with microelectronic components.
12. 12. Cells can develop into sensitive units of biosensors for environment sensing or drug discovery when the detection mechanism is upgraded.
13. 13. Additionally, some researchers have shown that external electronics and cells grown on a chip can communicate in two directions without being intrusive.
14. 14. The alteration in intracellular physiological conditions causes changes in the products of extracellular metabolisms, such as ions and big macromolecules. Thus, by identifying the metabolic byproducts, we can infer the intracellular physiological condition.
15. 15. The use of living cells as receptors, as opposed to other types of biosensors that solely contain materials derived from living things, is a common distinctive feature of cell-based biosensors.
16. 16. It becomes possible to use uncommon combinations of enzymes or extremely sensitive physiological receptor mechanisms that are present in intact cells but may be impossible to replicate using isolated enzymes in the biosensor.
17. 17. The ability of the materials to perform biological functions inside their natural biological media should be another benefit. Bioactive substances may have the greatest activity and longevity in these conditions, and they can even be renewed or synthesised by live cells. As a result, improved biosensor stability may be anticipated.
18. 18. Cell-based biosensors have the following advantages: (1) Although they must stay within a specific range to prevent cell death, they are less sensitive to inhibition by solutes and more tolerable of poor pH and temperature settings than enzyme electrodes; (2) A longer lifetime can be anticipated than with the enzymatic sensors; (3) They are significantly less expensive because active cells do not need to be isolated.
19. 19. Since cell-based biosensors have many benefits (such as long-term recording in noninvasive ways, quick response, and simple fabrication), they are also promising in the fields of neuronal prostheses and reconstruction of damaged sense organs.
20. 20. Their applications include pharmaceutical screening, cellular physiological analysis, toxin detection, peripheral nerve regeneration, and environment monitoring.
21. 21. Cell-based sensing platforms are uniquely able to provide functional information related to sample toxicity or pharmacology via the cell physiology assessment, making them a significant enabling resource for biological research and the pharmaceutical industry, even though whole-cell-based biosensors are less sensitive to environmental changes than molecular-based ones.
22. 22. Additionally, there are some drawbacks to cell-based biosensors: In comparison to enzymatic sensors, some types of cell-based biosensors may have a longer response time, require more time to restore to baseline levels after use, and require special care to ensure selectivity.
23. 23. The field-effect transistor (FET), microelectrode array (MEA), light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS), electric cell-substrate impedance sensor (ECIS), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), patch clamp chip, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and others are currently the primary secondary transducers used in cell-based biosensors.
24. 24. The MEA, LAPS, FET, and ECIS detection models are crucial for enhancing the functionality of cell-based biosensors. These characteristics make the development of cell-based biosensors an appealing path for cutting-edge diagnostic and therapeutic methods.

Session – 7: 3D Printing Technologies, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Recent Advances and Future of Biosensors

The seventh session is mainly focused on 3D printing technologies in biosensors production, artificial intelligence (AI) in biosensors, recent advances, and the future of biosensors. Recent breakthroughs in 3D printing technology and materials have enabled the quick production of new sensors for applications in several parts of human existence. Various 3D printing technologies have been used to produce biosensors or some of their components due to the advantages of these methodologies over traditional ones, such as end-user customization and rapid prototyping. This session is particularly designed to understand in depth the various applications, benefits, materials, trends, research, advancements, mechanisms, challenges, and future of 3D printing technologies in biosensor production. This session also includes a discussion on the role of AI in the biosensors field, how AI plays an important role and helps the biosensor sectors; and also focuses on what are the challenges, improvements, future and recent research of artificial intelligence (AI) in the biosensors sector.

Track - 1: 3D Printing Technologies in Biosensors Production

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1. 1. 3D printing Technologies present innovative opportunities for producing biosensors or biosensor parts. Recent developments in 3D printing technology and materials have sped up the creation of creative sensors for use in several facets of human life.
2. 2. Because these approaches have advantages over conventional ones, such as end-user customization and rapid prototyping, many 3D printing technologies have been used to produce biosensors or some of their components.
3. 3. Since 3D printing enables the customised and decentralised production of on-demand low-cost sensors and actuators, additive manufacturing has started to gain popularity for prototyping at-point-of-use biosensing platforms.
4. 4. There are numerous additional 3D-printing technologies now available, including direct-ink-writing (DIW), fused deposition modeling (FDM), digital light processing (DLP), stereo lithography apparatus (SLA), and selective laser sintering (SLS), among others.
5. 5. These materials include printable thermoplastics, metals, ceramics, carbon-based composites, and even living cells. The application-specific elements that also affect the intricacy of the product to be manufactured, the material utilised, the number of copies needed, and the cost will all influence the method chosen.
6. 6. To put it another way, 3D printing is playing a significant role in the creation of multifunctional micro- and nano-scale devices that may be responsive to several types of external stimuli, including but not limited to optical, electrochemical, electrical, and thermal ones.
7. 7. Due to this fact, 3D printing technology is becoming more popular for producing sensors and biosensors.
8. 8. Various sectors benefit from 3D printing since it lowers costs and reduces material waste. Building novel prototypes and miniature biosensing equipment is essential for biotech companies and researchers in terms of tool development.
9. 9. 3D printing is used to reduce costs and iterate designs in order to quickly advance this type of technology. This facilitates innovation and the creation of fresh approaches to lower the manufacture of biosensors.
10. 10. The potential use of 3D printing technology for electrochemical DNA biosensing applications is now being studied by researchers.
11. 11. Helical-shaped stainless steel electrodes have been developed by several organisations and are essential for biosensing.
12. 12. A nonmetallic component of a circuit, such as a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum, or air, is made in contact with an electrode, which is an electrical conductor.
13. 13. The processing of signals and determining whether DNA may be recognised by a biosensor depend on this relationship.
14. 14. These can be created and 3D printed using the selective laser melting (SLM) technique, which involves layer-by-layer fusion of a thin metal powder on a printing stage with a powerful laser beam.
15. 15. While usually referred to as metal 3D printing, SLM is also known as Laser Powder Bed Fusion and is comparable to DMLS or Direct Metal Laser Sintering. Because certain chemical and electrical reactions take place when various metal groups are used, metal printing is crucial for a biosensor.
16. 16. Stainless steel electrodes in the shape of helices were created using metal 3D printing and served as a transducing platform for the detection of DNA hybridization.
17. 17. Then, using the inherent reduction peak of electroactive methylene blue as an analytical signal, it was used to monitor the DNA hybridization process because it can intercalate into the double helix structure of double-stranded DNA.
18. 18. With a detection range of 1-1000 nM, the suggested biosensing technique is demonstrated to have higher selectivity against a non-complementary DNA target.
19. 19. A wide variety of biological sensors are available in 3D printing. Therefore, we shall concentrate on our further discussion using their sensing abilities.
20. 20. First, the customization provided by 3D printing makes microfluidic biosensors well-suited for the manipulation and study of diverse cells, biomolecules, and other particles.
21. 21. Second, extrusion-based 3D printing techniques make it simple to create gel-based soft conductive biosensing parts that replicate human sensing organs. The organs-on-a-chip constructions used in personalised medicine can be supported by these sensors.
22. 22. Both device types offer an in vitro environment that closely resembles the biological environment, making it simple to observe and analyse biomedical processes in a regulated and automated manner with a small sample volume at a fair price.
23. 23. Using carbon resistive ink and a highly conformal and extensible elastomeric matrix, a strain sensor is 3D printed, with the sensor geometry being controlled by the print route and filament cross-section.
24. 24. Recently, AJ printer and laser sintering were combined to 3D print a very flexible, wearable bandage-based strain sensor that is utilised for home healthcare monitoring.
25. 25. The flexible substrate beneath the conducting metal could be only slightly damaged by the localised laser sintering.
26. 26. Although the research is still in its early stages, 3D printing of bioanalytical platforms has the potential to revolutionise several industries, including electrochemical and optical devices.
27. 27. However, in order to produce active and reliable 3D-printed biosensing systems, some crucial issues must be resolved.
28. 28. The benefit of 3D printing biomedical sensors is that it may be completed locally and doesn't require pricey clean-room equipment. When providing for the medical requirements of people in underdeveloped areas, this is very useful. It is crucial to have instruments that can identify difficulties that we are unaware of.
29. 29. Additionally, it is crucial because the cost of healthcare will rise in the future. Access to open-source biotechnology project solutions can help developing countries maintain their populations' general health and welfare better.

Track – 2: Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Biosensors

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1. 1. The way we identify and treat illnesses is about to undergo a change because of two of the most cutting-edge innovative technologies: biosensors and artificial intelligence (AI).
2. 2. Doctors can now identify illnesses early, monitor patients more precisely, and offer individualised treatment approaches thanks to these technology.
3. 3. Biosensors are tiny devices that can be implanted or worn on the body to track various health indicators like blood pressure, glucose levels, and heart rate.
4. 4. Doctors can receive real-time data from these devices, enabling more precise diagnosis and improved patient care.
5. 5. On the other side, artificial intelligence is capable of processing and analysing enormous amounts of medical data in order to spot trends and make predictions about a patient's health.
6. 6. With the aid of AI technology, doctors can make better decisions and offer better, patient-specific treatment programs.
7. 7. It is apparent that biosensors and artificial intelligence will continue to play a significant role in improving healthcare, and the future of diagnostics is exciting.
8. 8. Three key components make up the fundamental architecture of AI-biosensors: data collection, signal conversion, and AI-data processing.
9. 9. The main artificial intelligence method utilised nowadays is machine learning. To put it simply, machine learning seeks to discover patterns in data so that it can predict outcomes for new data.
10. 10. Typically, this prediction is either regression (continuous numerical output) or categorical classification (into one of a set of classes). The data utilised for prediction (i.e., the biosensor data) is referred to as features or predictors in the context of machine learning.
11. 11. In addition to offering creative solutions to the problems biosensors confront, machine learning (ML) has the potential to transform ordinary biosensors into intelligent ones that can forecast analyte concentration or species based on a decision-making process.
12. 12. ML can be used for classification, anomaly detection, noise reduction, object identification, and pattern recognition when analysing the raw sensing data from a biosensor. For on-site detection or diagnosis, ML can directly, automatically, accurately, and quickly aid biosensor readout.
13. 13. Deep learning, a type of machine learning technology, is currently showing a lot of promise in the medical sector. Deep learning algorithms are used for medical image categorization, text analysis, image quality enhancement, and segmentation because of their superior image analysis capabilities.
14. 14. The biosensor community has, however, struggled to find new, cutting-edge ML techniques, particularly deep learning, which is well-known for image analysis, facial recognition, and speech recognition.
15. 15. Machine-learning algorithms have established their significance in chemical and biosensing applications for clinical and pathological practises due to the growing volume of data and rising cost of computation.
16. 16. AI offers a viable approach for managing irregularities and helps clinicians make medical decisions by giving them personalised calculations.
17. 17. One of the often utilised databases is the Long-Term ST Database, which houses patient ECG recordings.
18. 18. Additionally, non-invasive and clinical reports of the patients are included in the UCI Repository of Machine Learning Database.
19. 19. Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) using machine learning and its successful use in biomedical sciences have opened up new fields and tools for developing novel modeling and predicting approaches for clinical usage, including cardiac disorders.
20. 20. Many common ailments, such as urinary tract infection, anemia, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, stroke, tuberculosis, sleep apnea, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), otitis media, hepatitis A, and leukocytosis, can be accurately diagnosed using AI-based biosensors.
21. 21. Five real-time vital indicators (ECG, blood pressure, respiration rate, body temperature, and oxygen saturation) can also be recorded by biosensors that have AI capabilities.
22. 22. One of the most likely solutions to the existing issues is the development of next-generation biosensors, or biosensors that are AI-enabled.
23. 23. Biosensor networking powered by Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare systems uses very little energy while transmitting and collecting data.
24. 24. IoT-based applications with biosensors for cardiac care are called virtual assistants, and they use technology to take the place of nursing personnel or other human workers.
25. 25. In order to identify pathogenic activity in the human body or any anomaly, such as hypertension, diabetes, or irritable bowel syndrome, biosensors are utilised. Data analytics tools are then used to process the data and formulate the results.
26. 26. Big data repositories are necessary to generate any early interpretation for diagnosis and to train the machine-learning algorithms with great efficiency. Data science techniques like data mining and machine learning are implied by the term "big data."
27. 27. Through the identification of related patient clusters, these methods produce various phenotypes for each disease entity.
28. 28. The hallmark of big data is also the integration of diverse data sources for phenomapping, clinical decision assistance, precision health monitoring, and predictive medicine management.
29. 29. In-depth research has been done on the most important machine-learning algorithms for prospective biosensors as well as numerous problems with integrating biosensors with Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and GPS for point-of-care applications.
30. 30. The diagnosis of the patient is made simpler and quickly with real-time monitoring of a specific patient.
31. 31. It is acknowledged that using data analysis and machine learning techniques to compose the result interpretation is extremely effective and improves clinical decision-making.
32. 32. Additionally, AI makes use of biosensors to help in illness prediction, which is a challenging task for human doctors even in the best of circumstances.
33. 33. AI can assist the doctor in comparing the risk variables for heart attacks and strokes or calculating the likelihood of developing cancer.
34. 34. With the potential for global standardisation in areas like colon polyps, breast cancer, and primary and metastatic brain cancer, machine learning and artificial intelligence have demonstrated high accuracy in oncology-related diagnostic imaging, reducing the manual steps in lesion detection and providing standardised and accurate results.
35. 35. For early detection and efficient treatment, a biomarker-based cancer diagnosis holds promise, and electrochemical biosensors combined with nanoparticles provide multiplexing and amplification capabilities.
36. 36. To advance the usage of these cutting-edge technologies in oncology, it is essential to comprehend their foundations, accomplishments, and difficulties.
37. 37. Overall, the future of diagnostics in healthcare appears to be quite promising, with biosensors and AI paving the way for a model of treatment that is more effective, efficient, and long-lasting.

Track – 3: Recent Advances and Future of Biosensors

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1. 1. The crucial use of biosensors has become more important in the fields of drug development, drug identification, bio-medicine, food safety, security, protection, and ecological research.
2. 2. For the evaluation of patient samples such as blood, saliva, and urine in non-laboratory situations as well as real-time patient data, new biosensors are required.
3. 3. Additionally, communication technology and monitoring equipment for the home-based management of chronic illnesses enable data exchange and team-based care strategies across locations.
4. 4. The development of biosensors was sparked by glucometers that used an immobilised glucose oxidase electrode to electrochemically detect oxygen or hydrogen peroxide.
5. 5. The sensitive limit of biosensors has improved as a result of recent developments in biological approaches and technology involving fluorescent tags on nanomaterials.
6. 6. In contrast to conventional techniques, the use of aptamers or nucleotides, peptide arrays, and molecule-imprinted polymers provides instruments to create novel biosensors.
7. 7. A superior perspective for creating precise, sensitive biosensors with high regenerative potentials was given by integrated techniques.
8. 8. Wider uses are possible for a variety of biosensors, including those made of microorganisms, polymers, and nanomaterials.
9. 9. These tools can improve the ability of primary care doctors, nurses, chemists, and other healthcare professionals, as well as patients, to quickly identify and provide the best courses of action.
10. 10. These innovative medical tools will help save lives, curtail bacterial and viral epidemics, and lower healthcare expenses.
11. 11. Numerous lab-on-a-chip devices now incorporate microfluidics and highly sensitive biosensor designs. With high throughput operation, these devices can decrease sample volume, detect time, and enhance sensitivity.
12. 12. In addition to enzyme-based biosensors, immunosensors are also employed to create point-of-care medical equipment. In recent years, sophisticated sensor devices with great resolution have been created using 3D printing platforms.
13. 13. Additionally recognised as point-of-care tools that are particularly helpful for prompt diagnosis during pandemic events are aptasensors and DNA-modified electrodes.
14. 14. However, the most recent discoveries about DNA/RNA-based biosensors, particularly when taking into account the drawbacks of traditional detection methods like reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR (qPCR), are thought to be time-consuming and call for specialised personnel and equipment.
15. 15. Immunosensors, DNA/RNA biosensors, and aptasensors are currently regarded in microbiology as powerful tools for the detection of bacteria cells at the single cell level, in addition to the detection of DNA or antigens.
16. 16. These biosensors enable the precise detection of bacteria in intricate biological environments, frequently when other bacterial species are present in overabundance.
17. 17. Biosensors may be able to detect the early stages of inflammation, Lyme disease, infection, and possibly diabetes risk. Biosensor technology is quickly paving the way to be at the core of customised mobile health monitoring dashboards thanks to this sophisticated data collection capacity.
18. 18. Their wearable technology is able to measure changes in the electrical currents flowing through the sweat of a user in order to precisely determine blood-alcohol level, and their goal is to avoid deaths associated with drinking and driving with the aid of biosensor tattoos. The user's cell phone will then get this information and be notified if driving is unsafe.
19. 19. The development of fluorescent biosensors that are genetically encoded or artificially made to study the molecular mechanisms of biological processes is another significant technical advancement in biosensors.
20. 20. Research in the area of biosensing is currently considering various methods to obtain a direct electronic readout, such as for electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) field-effect sensors, which are a part of a new generation of electronic chips.
21. 21. This research is not only concentrated on electrochemical and optical transduction techniques. Because they are affordable, quickly produce data, allow for in situ implantation, and provide real-time analytical data, biosensors have been widely used.
22. 22. They must be used immediately in the monitoring of poisons, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, air, water, soil, pollution, precision agriculture, and climate change and its effects.
23. 23. Of course, the biosensor is always being improved. Both the fundamental parts and the biosensor as a full device need to receive more attention in the field of engineering.
24. 24. Biosensor technology advances will hasten the use of intelligent instrumentation, micro- and nano-electronics, and multivariate signal processing techniques like chemometrics and artificial neural networks.
25. 25. With the currently available instruments, a microarray biosensor method that can be adjusted to various analyte detection will enable the dissemination of the biosensor technology, lower the development costs over several competitive products, and enable them to function in the field.
26. 26. The expanded spectrum of analytes, fully integrated systems with diverse sample handling phases, microfluidics, detection and display—possibly telemetry—as well as a renewed focus on whole cell and tissue biosensors will all be addressed in future directions in biosensor technology.
27. 27. It will point us in the direction of using wearable biosensors, embedded systems, telecommunications capabilities, and biosensor devices that can be mass-produced and used in a range of applications, including homes, hospitals, cars, toxic dump sites, as well as many other uses.
28. 28. The creation of artificial antibodies such as aptamers or peptides chosen by phage display methods, the development of lab-on-a-chip for the detection of the antigens of the precise target areas, and the development of biosensor methods that would be carried out in volume rather than on surface are the new trends.
29. 29. Biosensors with electrochemical bases, multi-dimensional pain sensors, and biodiesel quality detection are some of the most recent applications for these devices.
30. 30. In the near future, it is hoped that biosensors will be utilised in vivo to provide real-time measurements of molecular interactions within the body.
31. 31. Collaboration across a wide range of academic disciplines and the private sector helps sustain the diverse arena of expertise required for the development of biosensors.
32. 32. Although the procedure is slow, it is most likely the only practical way to successfully progress biosensor technology in the future.
33. 33. The key to the effective creation of potent biosensors for the modern era will be a better mix of biosensing, bio-fabrication, and synthetic biology approaches using either electrochemical, bio-electronic, or optical principles, or a combination of all three.

Session – 8: Various Types of Biosensors and Their Uses

The eighth session is for discussion on many different types of biosensors based on sensing methods and technology with their uses. During this session, attendees can present and discuss various types of biosensor’s working principles, basic theories, updates, benefits, challenges, advances, evolution, research, and many more.

Track – 1: Electrochemical Biosensors

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1. 1. A biosensor having an electrochemical transducer is known as an electrochemical biosensor. An enzymatic catalytic process is used by electrochemical biosensors to consume or generate electrons. One kind of enzyme that performs this is a redox enzyme.
2. 2. Electronic current, ionic current, and conductance variations caused by bio-electrode movement are all measured by electrochemical biosensors.
3. 3. When a biological film is deposited over an electronic conducting, semiconducting, or ionic conducting material, the material is referred to as a chemically modified electrode (CME).
4. 4. An electrochemical cell with electrodes of various sizes and modifications is the basis of an electrochemical biosensor. Electrochemical biosensors typically use three different types of electrodes: the working electrode, the reference electrode, and the counter or auxiliary electrode.
5. 5. The working electrode is where the reaction between the electrode substrate and the analyte takes place.
6. 6. Electrochemical biosensors are capable of detecting both nonbiological matrixes as well as biological materials like enzymes, whole cells, particular ligands, and tissues.
7. 7. Electrochemical biosensors come in a variety of forms depending on how they transmit signals, ensure biological selectivity, or do a mix of the two. This section will go through several electrochemical biosensors that have been produced.

Track – 2: Amperometric Biosensors

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1. 1. Since these continually monitor the current produced by the oxidation or reduction of an electroactive species in a biological reaction, amperometric devices are a sort of electrochemical sensor.
2. 2. The redox reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme, and the biosensors are based on the movement of the electron, or electronic current determination. The quantity of current flowing between the counter electrode and the working electrode is the basis of this biosensor's law.
3. 3. The electrodes are typically subjected to a standard contact voltage for analysis. In an enzymatic reaction that yields a substrate or product, the surface of the electrodes can transport electrons. As a result, it is possible to measure an alternate current flow.
4. 4. The relationship between the current's strength and the substrate concentration is direct. It is easy to create an amperometric biosensor by using oxygen electrodes to collect the reduction of oxygen.
5. 5. The transducer for amperometric biosensors is made of chemically modified electrodes (CME), which can be made of metal or carbon.
6. 6. These biosensors are similar to potentiometric biosensors in terms of reaction time, power, and sensitivity.
7. 7. The amperometric biosensor is crucial for a variety of applications, including high-throughput drug screening, quality control, issue identification and resolution, and biological verification.
8. 8. The Clark oxygen electrode, which measures the drop in O2, is the most basic style of the amperometric biosensor. Using glucose oxidase to measure glucose is one notable instance.
9. 9. There are certain issues with the initial generation of amperometric biosensors, which transport electrons directly after they are released from electrodes. The mediator that transmits the electrons to the electrodes is used to create the second generation of amperometric biosensors.

Track – 3: Potentiometric Biosensor

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1. 1. Potentiometric biosensors convert biological reaction to electronic response using ion-selective electrodes. When there is no significant current flowing between two electrodes, potentiometric measurements entail calculating the potential difference between an indicator and a reference electrode or two reference electrodes separated by a permselective membrane.
2. 2. Potentiometric electrode and reference electrode can be measured using the potential difference, which is proportional to the substrate concentration. This change is brought about by the ionic force hydration, pH, and redox response—the latter of which is an enzyme that is passing over the substrate.
3. 3. Ion-selective electrodes are typically employed in pH electrodes in this class of biosensors to measure changes in ionic concentration. Thus, the release of hydrogen ions involves numerous enzyme processes.
4. 4. Other crucial electrodes are those that are ammonia-selective and corbondioxide-selective.
5. 5. In the FET, an antibody or enzyme has taken the position of the gate terminal. Given that the necessary analyzer directed towards the gate terminal alters the source flow in the drain, this may also attract relatively little attention from various analysts.
6. 6. The most prevalent types of potentiometric biosensors are electrophysized polymers via chemical means such ISFETs (ion-selective field-effect transistors), based on the ISE or ion-selective electrode membrane, metal oxides, solid-state devices, or electroporated polymers.
7. 7. Ion-selective field-effect transistors are the more affordable electronics. It can be used to make potentiometric biosensors smaller. The ISFET Biosensor can be used, for instance, to monitor intra-myocardial during open-heart surgery.
8. 8. Potentiometric biosensors have a substantial advantage over other types of sensors in that they are sensitive and selective when a highly accurate and stable reference electrode is used.
9. 9. Potentiometry is a widely used electrochemical technique for sensors that is inexpensive and efficient over a broad range of ion concentrations.
10. 10. The majority of sensors developed using potentiometric techniques are for sale. These sensors are easy to construct, and downsizing them affects how well they function.
11. 11. The employment of potentiometric instruments in the field of biosensors has opened up a lot of new possibilities for sensing and diagnostics.

Track – 4: Impedimetric Biosensors

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1. 1. By immobilizing biological recognition components onto an electrode surface, an impedimetric biosensor is created. It analyses and monitors the targeted analyte and outputs a signal of electrical impedance that is inversely proportional to the analyte activity to show the results.
2. 2. An impedance biosensor is an electrochemical device that uses variations in impedance to detect biological or chemical substances. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is the method's most used methodology.
3. 3. A sensitive indicator for a wide range of chemical and physical properties is the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS makes it simple to determine both the parameters of the bulk electrode and the processes occurring at the electrode interface.
4. 4. The goal of impedimetric biosensors is to create carboxyl, amino, and similar groups on the electrode surfaces in order to trap the antibodies. The development of an impedimetric biosensor depends heavily on this step since it guarantees the sensor's durability and repeatability.
5. 5. Currently, there is a developing tendency towards the development of impedimetric biosensors. Impedimetric techniques have been used to evaluate the catalysed responses of nucleic acids, entire cells, receptors, enzymes, lectins, and antibodies as well as to distinguish the design of biosensors.

Track – 5: Conductimetirc Biosensors

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1. 1. Impedimetric biosensors can be divided into conductometric biosensors as a subset.
2. 2. These biosensors assess the solution's electrical conductivity and resistance. Numerous mechanisms in biological systems lead to changes in ionic species. These ionic species' electrical conductivity can be measured.
3. 3. The ability of an analyte (such as electrolyte solutions) or a medium (such as nanowires) to conduct an electrical current between electrodes or reference nodes is measured by conductometric biosensors.
4. 4. Since an enzymatic reaction modifies the ionic strength and, thus, the conductivity of a solution between two electrodes, conductometric biosensors have often been closely linked to enzymes.
5. 5. Therefore, enzymatic reactions that result in changes in the concentration of charged species in a solution can be investigated using conductometric biosensors.
6. 6. The use of such enzyme-based conductometric devices for biosensing is restricted by the changing ionic background of clinical samples and the requirement to quantify modest conductivity changes in fluids of high ionic strength.
7. 7. The sensitivity of conductance measurements is relatively low. Conductometric immunosensors combined with nanostructures, particularly nanowires, are presently receiving more attention for biosensing.
8. 8. The conductometric urea biosensor using immobilised urease is an excellent example. Urea biosensors are employed during renal surgery and dialysis with great success.
9. 9. Examples of the successful creation of conductometric biosensors for real-world use include the detection of drugs in human urine and the identification of pollutants in environmental testing.
10. 10. In conductometric biosensors for toxicity analysis, whole cells have also been employed as a biorecognition component by immobilising them to a transducer of interdigitated electrodes.

Track – 6: Voltammetric Biosensors

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1. 1. Voltammetry is a type of electro-analytical technique that measures the current produced when a potential is changed in order to determine information about an analyte. As a result, it is an amperometric technique.
2. 2. Voltammetric biosensors are electrochemical devices that employ voltammetric sensing methods, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), polarography voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, differential staircase voltammetry, reverse pulse voltammetry, normal pulse voltammetry, and others.
3. 3. The working electrode and the reference electrode are where the voltage is measured, whereas the counter electrode and the working electrode are where the current is measured.
4. 4. A voltammogram, often known as a plot of current vs. voltage, represents the acquired measurements. The current will grow as the voltage is raised towards the analyte's electrochemical reduction potential.
5. 5. One of the most popular methods is cyclic voltammetry, which may be used to learn more about the redox potential and electrochemical reaction rates of analyte solutions.
6. 6. To find the antibody, the voltammetric aptasensors primarily employ pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry (SWV), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) methods.
7. 7. The voltametric biosensor works by utilising the fluctuation in current caused by the applied voltage to detect analytes. These biosensors are capable of detecting changes in current and potential.
8. 8. A wide range of the potential is scanned, and the related current and potential results are measured. Voltammetric techniques have low noise levels and can be used to simultaneously identify several species with various peak potentials.
9. 9. Voltammetric techniques are used in sensing platforms because of their affordability, high sensitivity, and superior selectivity.

Track – 7: Piezoelectric Biosensors

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1. 1. Due to the fact that they operate on the idea of sound vibrations, or acoustics, piezoelectric biosensors are also referred to as acoustic biosensors.
2. 2. The fundamental idea underlying piezoelectric sensors is that when alternating voltage is applied, mechanical waves are created, travel through the substrate, and then transform back into an electric field, which is then captured as an electrical signal.
3. 3. A collection of analytical tools called piezoelectric biosensors works on a principle of affinity interaction recording.
4. 4. Piezoelectric materials are those that respond to mechanical forces by producing an electric signal. A sensor component called a piezoelectric crystal operates on the theory that oscillations alter when a mass is attached to the surface of the crystal.
5. 5. Piezoelectric crystals are used by mass-sensitive sensors as a kind of detection. Piezoelectric crystals like quartz, lithium niobate, or lithium tantalate can be used to create acoustic biosensors since they are durable and stable in the environment.
6. 6. Such sensors may theoretically detect a variety of biomolecules and are adaptable. In these sensors, the application of an electric signal causes the crystals to vibrate at a particular frequency.
7. 7. Crystals with positive and negative charges vibrate at various frequencies. The applied frequency affects the crystal's oscillation frequency. Certain molecules that adsorb on the surface of crystals change the resonance frequencies that can be detected by electronic instruments.
8. 8. Piezoelectric materials are highly suited for the fabrication of biosensors that can recognise affinity contacts since they operate as oscillators on the piezoelectric effect principle and interactions with their surface are easily discernible.
9. 9. Piezoelectric biosensors detect antigens by detecting the frequency change that takes place when the antigen attaches to the antibody receptor.
10. 10. These biosensors have antibodies on the surface that bind to the complementary antigen in the sample solution. This causes them to gain mass, which lowers their vibrational frequency. We may use this shift to estimate how much antigen is in the sample solution.
11. 11. Piezoelectric biosensors can be as specialised as the coating used on them and are significantly faster and more sensitive than alternatives like the Amplicor assay.
12. 12. The surface of a piezoelectric crystal may be coated with cocaine antibodies to develop a biosensor for cocaine in the gas phase. As biological transducers, piezoelectric materials are employed in a wide range of detection-based applications.
13. 13. The piezoelectric immunosensors are very successful for the ultra-sensitive detection of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). Incorporating acetylcholine esterase, a piezoelectric biosensor for organophosphorus pesticides has been created.
14. 14. Similarly to this, formaldehyde dehydrogenase has been used to create a biosensor for formaldehyde.
15. 15. Piezoelectric biosensors can become more widespread in contemporary bioanalysis, particularly for diagnosis based on the identification of macromolecules.
16. 16. Piezoelectric biosensors can be categorised into three groups based on the type of transducer they use: Surface acoustic wave (SAW), surface transverse wave (STW), and crystal resonance frequency (CRF).
17. 17. It is challenging to use these biosensors to identify chemicals in solution. The reason for this is that crystals in viscous liquids may completely cease vibrating. The biosensors' dependability was experimentally demonstrated, and numerous modifications are known.
18. 18. Piezoelectric biosensors have not yet fully entered the commercial market, although experimental data are encouraging, and this situation is likely to alter in the future.

Track – 8: Thermometric Biosensors

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1. 1. The principle behind thermometric biosensors is that heat is produced by a number of biological processes. They are most frequently known as calorimetric or thermal biosensors.
2. 2. Based on the kind of inverter, calorimetric biosensors can be divided into three groups: heat-conducting, iso-environmental, and isothermal.
3. 3. The majority of reactions mediated by enzymes are exothermic in nature. Calorimetric biosensors track the temperature change in analyte solution caused by the action of an enzyme and translate it into analyte concentration. It comprises of a heat-insulated box with an aluminium cylinder heat exchanger attached.
4. 4. A tiny reactor with an enzyme-packed bed is where the process happens. Heat is produced as the substrate is transformed into a product as it enters the bed.
5. 5. Thermistors are used to determine the temperature differential between the substrate and the product. Thermal biosensors are able to pick up even minute temperature changes.
6. 6. Using different thermistors, the temperature of the solution is monitored immediately before it enters the column and just as it exits the column. It may be utilised for turbid and coloured solutions and is the biosensor type that is most frequently used.
7. 7. The estimation of serum cholesterol is done using thermometric biosensors. The cholesterol oxidase enzyme produces heat that may be measured when it oxidises cholesterol.
8. 8. These biosensors can also be used to measure penicillin G, glucose, urea, and uric acid. These biosensors are also capable of measuring urea (enzyme-urease), glucose (enzyme-glucose oxidase), penicillin G (enzyme-P lactamase), and uric acid (enzyme-uricase).
9. 9. However, their usefulness is generally constrained. The novel method, known as thermometric ELISA (TELISA), uses thermometric biosensors as a component of enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA).

Track – 9: Optical Biosensor

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1. 1. The most popular kind of biosensors is optical biosensors. By measuring the photons involved in the process rather than the electrons, optical biosensors are able to detect phenomena associated with the interaction of microbes with the analytes and link the obtained optical signal to the concentration of the target chemicals.
2. 2. The measurement of light energy (wavelength), absorbance in chemical reactions, fluorescence, luminescence, reflectance or fluorescence emissions that occur in the ultraviolet (UV), colour changes, refractive index, phase shift, and near-infrared (NIR) spectral regions are more specifically used in optical detection.
3. 3. Optical biosensors offer a number of advantages over conventional analytical techniques. An optical biosensor's light source changes as a result of the contact.
4. 4. A detector notices this optical alteration. This biosensor measures affinity as well as catalytic reactions. The compounds produced by the catalytic reactions alter the fluorescence, which the biosensor then measures.
5. 5. In optical biosensors, the main transducing components are enzymes and antibodies. The optical biosensor is one of the nano-biomolecular technologies that have the potential to expand the fields of optics and biomedicine research and device development. Secure non-electric remote material detection is made possible by optical biosensors.
6. 6. Another advantage is that these biosensors often do not require reference sensors. This is because the sampling sensor's light source can also be used to generate the comparison signal.
7. 7. Research and development on optical biosensors have primarily focused on biotech, environmental applications, and healthcare. The hand-held glucose meter used by diabetics is the application with the greatest commercial significance.
8. 8. The optical biosensors enable sensitive and targeted detection of a variety of analytes, including viruses, poisons, medicines, antibodies, cancer biomarkers, and tumour cells.
9. 9. In critical care, pH, pO2, and pCO2 measurements, the assessment of ligand binding, the measurement of toxin levels in the air, the detection of blood glucose, the detection of urine infections, and surgical monitoring all use optical fiber sensing equipment.
10. 10. The luciferase enzyme is used in the most sophisticated luminescent biosensor to identify bacteria in clinical samples or food.
11. 11. Without the need for substantial sample preparation or huge sample volumes, the selectivity of the biological sensing element provides the option for the development of highly selective devices for real-time analysis in complicated mixtures.
12. 12. Optical biosensors are analytical devices with excellent sensitivity, speed, reproducibility, and ease of use.
13. 13. The benefits of optical biosensors are their small size, flexibility, speed, and superior biocompatibility (fibres are made of glass).

Track – 10: Fiber Optics Biosensors

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1. 1. A fiber-optic device acts as a transduction element in fiber-optic biosensors, which are analytical devices. A signal proportionate to the concentration of a chemical or biochemical that the biological element reacts to is often the desired outcome.
2. 2. The biochemical recognition step of a biosensor is transformed into a quantifiable optical signal that is directly correlated with the analyte concentration by the transducing device.
3. 3. Electrical interferences are not present in fiber-optic biosensors. They are safer than electrochemical biosensors because they lack electrical hookups.
4. 4. Fiber-optic biosensors don't require a reference electrode, but one is helpful.
5. 5. The immobilised reagent does not have to come into touch with the optical fibres in this kind of biosensor because it is easily replaceable. Because they can be easily integrated for the determination of many target compounds and quickly miniaturised, fiber-optic biosensors will play an important role in the development of biosensors.
6. 6. Fiber-optic biosensors are being used more frequently in industrial process and environmental monitoring, food processing, and clinical applications because to the development of optical transducers, better electronics, and improved immobilisation techniques.
7. 7. Additionally, research on optical fibre sensing has been expanded to include the detection of microorganisms such bacteria, viruses, fungus, and protozoa.
8. 8. Two distinct but connected discoveries, such as laser light and optical fibres, led to the use of optical fibres in biosensing applications. A highly collimated, inherently coherent, quasi-monochromatic optical signal produced by a laser has the ability to convey data.
9. 9. Total internal reflection (TIR) is a notion that describes how an optical signal moves through an optical fibre with very little loss. Optical fibres have a specialised role in sensing because of their unique characteristics, such as their minimal environmental footprints and resistance to electromagnetic (EM) interference.
10. 10. The unique properties of optical fibres, such as their compact size, immunity to electromagnetic radiation, and high sensitivity with less complicated sensing systems, have found usage in a variety of applications, from structural monitoring to biomedical sensing. Miniaturised fiber-optic biosensors can be used to track parameters in vivo.
11. 11. Fiber-optic biosensors have a few disadvantages, such as the fact that they can only be used if the proper reagents can be developed, they have a smaller dynamic range than electronic sensors, their response times may be longer due to the mass transfer of analytes into the reagent phase, and the biological component immobilised on a transducer surface has a limited stability.

Track – 11: Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensors

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1. 1. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor method is a highly sensitive and offers a high signal-to-noise ratio with good specificity, label-free approach for examining biomolecules' non-covalent interactions, particularly those between proteins and tiny molecules.
2. 2. SPR-based sensing methods come in a variety of forms, including grating coupling, prism coupling, waveguide coupling, and optical fiber coupling.
3. 3. A spectroscopic method known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensing allows for the quantitative real-time measurement of binding events without labelling the interacting molecules.
4. 4. The oscillations of an electron cloud within a molecule are referred to as plasmons. These plasmons vibrate at a certain frequency that is unique to the substance. Surface plasmons are plasmon species whose oscillations are restricted to the material's surface.
5. 5. For usage in SPR-based sensors, gold or silver surfaces are typically preferred. At a specific angle of incidence, when electromagnetic radiation is permitted to fall on a metal surface (such as gold or silver), its frequency coincides with the frequency of the vibrations, creating resonance. This phenomenon is known as surface plasmon resonance.
6. 6. The local mass density on the metal surface affects the medium's refractive index, which in turn affects the resonant angle. If the capture molecule (antibody/receptor) has been added to the metal film's surface, it will attach specifically to its ligand with the addition of the sample, changing the mass and, consequently, the angle of resonance.
7. 7. To calculate the analyte concentration, this change can be quantified. When molecules interact at the sensing surface, the change in refractive index is measured.
8. 8. An optical system is used in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor to excite and probe surface plasmons, and a biomolecular identification component is used to identify and grasp the target analyte present in a sample.
9. 9. The binding analyte is detected by the optical signal on the recognition element, changing the surface's refractive index and affecting the propagation constant of the surface plasmons.
10. 10. Thus, both the optical performance that they naturally possess and the appropriate surface functionalization will ultimately determine how well SPR-based biosensors perform.
11. 11. SPR helps ensure food safety by assisting in the label-free identification of a variety of ingredients, including adulterants, biomolecules, antibiotics, genetically modified foods, insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, microbial toxins and microbes.
12. 12. This technology is frequently employed in fundamental science research, antigen-antibody characterisation, pharmaceutical engineering, and the investigation of biomolecular interactions.
13. 13. An optical biosensor noted for its versatility, the SPR biosensor has more extensive uses in the testing and analysis of food.

Track – 12: Surface Enhanced Infrared Absorption (SEIRA) Biosensors

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1. 1. A modification of traditional infrared spectroscopy, surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) takes advantage of the signal augmentation provided by the plasmon resonance of nano-structured metal thin films.
2. 2. The collective stimulation of surface plasmons has enabled surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA), a potent vibrational label-free analytical tool, to improve the vibrational signals of thin molecule layers.
3. 3. The vibrational bands of a molecular monolayer can be amplified by many orders of magnitude in the infrared (IR) spectrum when it is absorbed on a randomly organised silver (Ag) or gold (Au) metasurface.
4. 4. Since this finding, numerous research teams have made creative efforts to comprehend the mechanical components of SEIRA using different metals (Au, Ag, Cu, etc.).
5. 5. The effective range of signal amplification is limited to the area just next to the surface (10 nm), as the plasmonic field of the metal surface greatly contributes to the process of enhancement. The electromagnetic (EM) and chemical effects, which are part of the overall amplification, are said to be the mechanism of SEIRA.
6. 6. The EM effect is based on the surface plasmon concept, which allows for a large enhancement of the signal in the infrared (IR) absorption band through photon coupling with metastructures and dipole interactions between the megastructures and adsorbed molecules.
7. 7. The local field amplification of incident light has a direct relationship to the molecules' increased absorption intensity. However, active SEIRA substrates such as semiconductors and dielectric materials have been reported. As supporting active SEIRA substrates, both transparent infrared (IR) materials (CaF2, MgO, Si, ZnS, BaF2, Ge, KBr, sapphire) and opaque materials (carbon, silica, and metals) are frequently used.
8. 8. Due to their straightforward design and reported large enhanced local electric fields at the edges, rod-like nanostructures like nanorods, nanowires, and nanocrosses are the most fundamental plasmonic nanostructures that are frequently used as SEIRA substrates.
9. 9. When used to investigate a protein monolayer, the benefits of the SEIRAS biosensor are at their greatest.
10. 10. Chemicals or light are two examples of outside stimuli that cause proteins to function.
11. 11. The ability to apply a membrane potential or to directly introduce electrons into the system is made possible by using the solid support as an electrode.

Track – 13: Chemical Luminescence-Based Biosensors

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1. 1. Luminescence is the name given to the phenomenon whereby light can be produced through excitation utilizing any method without raising the temperature.
2. 2. Due to their high signal-to-noise ratio and the ease of the necessary measurement equipment, chemical luminescence detection-based optical biosensors, for instance, chemiluminescence, electrogenerated chemiluminescence, thermochemiluminescence, and bio-chemiluminescence, are especially attractive.
3. 3. A bio-chemiluminescence, electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL), or thermochemiluminescence (TCL) reaction could result in a light that can be measured or imaged using chemical luminescence-based biosensors.
4. 4. In comparison to existing optical biosensors, they provide a fascinating and potent alternative or complementary strategy based on different transduction principles and the absorbing of light or photoluminescence.
5. 5. A chemical process known as exergonic luminescence produces an intermediate in its singlet a condition of excitement, which then progresses radiative decay to create light.
6. 6. The ability to gather as much light as possible in order to attain the best detectability is the essential condition for chemical luminescence analysis. It is possible to think of bioluminescence as a particular variety of chemiluminescence connected to living things and enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
7. 7. Enzymes endow the system with molecular recognition abilities that are exceptional in terms of specificity, particularly when chiral compounds must be taken into account.
8. 8. Luminescent reactions seem to be particularly appealing for the construction of biosensors, which combine a sensing layer containing immobilised enzymes capable of selectively recognising an analyte in a complicated media with a transducer that converts this recognition event into an electrical signal.
9. 9. Numerous biosensors based on luminescence have been described for the study of nucleic acids, hormones, contaminants, and other chemical compounds, as well as for quantitative and occasionally multiplex protein measurements.
10. 10. These make use of a range of miniature analytical formats, including paper-based analytical tools, whole-cell biosensors, microfluidics, and microarrays.
11. 11. Nevertheless, the field of chemical luminescence biosensors has yet to show evidence of commercial success.

Track – 14: Raman Scattering-Based Biosensors

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1. 1. The analytical technique of Raman spectroscopy offers a chemical fingerprint for molecular identification.
2. 2. Raman scattering is a result of inelastic light scattering processes, which cause scattered light to emit at a distinct frequency related to the detected molecule's molecular vibrations.
3. 3. Since spontaneous Raman scattering is typically weak, different approaches, such as resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy, have been developed to address this issue.
4. 4. However, the development of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), as well as its combination with resonance Raman spectroscopy and nonlinear Raman spectroscopic techniques, was spurred by the discovery of the phenomena of enhanced Raman scattering near metallic nanostructures.
5. 5. Raman spectroscopy holds promise for the study and characterization of biological samples since it may be utilised to speed up, sharpen spatial resolution, and amplify the signal by combining resonant and nonlinear optical effects with nanoparticles or metal substrates.
6. 6. Raman spectroscopy has a number of benefits, including noninvasiveness, the ability to deal with aqueous samples, the lack of a sample preparation step, and the ability to combine these with other analytic techniques.
7. 7. The plasmon resonances' activation causes signal amplification on the substrate surface, which causes the SERS phenomenon.
8. 8. A significant increase in the Raman scattering cross section of adsorbed molecules has been explained by electromagnetic and chemical enhancement, the two methods that have been put out to date.
9. 9. The electromagnetic mechanism contributes most and can sometimes amplify Raman scattering by up to a factor of 10^10. When localised surface plasmons are excited, the electromagnetic field expands according to the electromagnetic mechanism.
10. 10. In this instance, the size, form, and roughness of the nanomaterial affect the resonance frequency of conduction electrons in a metallic nanostructure.
11. 11. Technology advancements have made it feasible to see the Raman scattering of tiny amounts of molecules down to single-molecule detection and to improve resolution, both of which enable in vivo and in vitro biosensing.
12. 12. SERS has been shown to have the potential to identify proteins, tumour cells, and oligonucleotides in biofluids in several reviews.
13. 13..In general, there are two types of SERS-based detection methods: direct detection, also known as label-free detection, and indirect detection, which uses Raman reporter molecules labelled SERS nanotags.
14. 14. It is possible to get the Raman spectra of biomolecules adsorbed on nanostructured SERS-active substrates using the label-free method. In this instance, the sample is located by contrasting the Raman spectra before and after the target molecule's interaction.
15. 15. The use of direct detection in complex sample matrices is challenging due to the influence of the background signal since, in the direct technique, any changes in the biomolecule's environment affect the Raman spectrum.
16. 16. In the indirect approach, specific target detection is accomplished by observing the vibrational spectrum of a Raman reporter molecule, which is a chemical compound, typically a dye or sulfo-derivative of the aromatic series, with a relatively large scattering cross-section, producing intense bands of the SERS spectrum.
17. 17. However, one drawback of the indirect technique is that it is unable to collect molecular details about the target biomolecule itself.
18. 18. The immunoassay of different protein markers in biofluids is the earliest and most common use of the SERS technology for bioanalytical purposes.
19. 19. SERS has been experimentally combined with electrochemical methods, fluorescence detection, and the PCR procedure. When identifying cancer embryonic antigens, SERS method can be used to detect certain antigen-antibody interactions.
20. 20. These days, SERS-based biosensors have a significant impact on the study of the environment, medical diagnosis, food safety, and virus detection.
21. 21. The main applications of SERS-based biosensors include monitoring therapeutic drug effects, detecting hyperglycemia and disease indicators, measuring pH, ions (Mg2+ and Ca2+), redox potential, and microorganisms.
22. 22. SERS, or surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, is one of the most promising methods for routine examination because of its high sensitivity, straightforward instrumentation, low cost, and little sample preparation requirements.

Track – 15: Fluorescence-Based Biosensor

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1. 1. Fluorescent biosensors are analytical tools for the non-intrusive discovery of biomolecules in a complicated context of biological material. The operation of fluorescent biosensors is based on the fluorescence phenomenon.
2. 2. When electromagnetic radiation is absorbed by fluorophores or fluorescently-labeled molecules, the emission phenomenon known as fluorescence takes place. Fluorescence resonance occurs when the emitted light has a wavelength that is shorter than or equal to the excitation wavelength.
3. 3. The Stokes shift, which occurs when there is a loss of released energy, is when the wavelength of the fluorescence emission is longer than the wavelength of the excitation.
4. 4.. A signal that may be measured optically is produced by the sample when fluorescence occurs. The amount of time between absorption and emission in fluorescence is very short.
5. 5. Numerous compounds spontaneously fluoresce, that is, they can switch between fluorescent and non-fluorescent states. This feature can be used to create a relatively straightforward fluorescence biosensor, for example, NADH is fluorescent whereas NAD+ is not. As a result, fluorescence-based detection is applicable to all enzymatic activities dependent on NAD/NADH.
6. 6. Similar to this, many proteins and other biomolecules (such as NADH, nucleic acids, flavin nucleotides, and green fluorescent proteins) have intrinsic fluorescence properties.
7. 7. When these proteins bind to ligands or ligands bind to these proteins, this fluorescence behaviour changes, affecting things like emission intensity and polarization. Contrarily, the majority of the analytes don't glow.
8. 8. Therefore, various fluorescent labels or probes are used in the process to make them observable by fluorescence spectroscopy.
9. 9. By forming a covalent bond with any reactive group, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, or sulfhydryl groups, labels are attached to the analyte of interest. This helps to create a chemical link between the target species and the label.
10. 10. Labels, probes, or tags are often tiny compounds that include a specific functional group and an inherent fluorescence property that makes them visible when attached to other molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, or other molecules.
11. 11. Organic dyes, nanomaterials including semiconductor quantum dots, organic polymer nanoparticles, and upconversion nanoparticles are a few common types of fluorescence labels.
12. 12. Fluorescence spectroscopy is a method that works well for detecting analytes at very low concentrations. Since a single fluorophore may absorb and emit several photons, substantial signals can be produced even at extremely low concentrations thanks to fluorescence's high signal amplification.
13. 13. Additionally, the fluorescence time-scale is quick enough to enable real-time concentration change tracking. Fluorescent characteristics can be extremely selective because they only react to changes in the fluorophore.
14. 14. Additionally, it is possible to buy fluorometers for measuring fluorescence signals.
15. 15. Analyte recognition by a bioreceptor (signal depicts the presence and concentrations of analytes), activity changes (indication of enzyme activity), and conformational changes (particular changes in bioreceptor array conformation are reflected in the signal) are the three most frequent ways to generate a signal.
16. 16. One of the following techniques, including FRET (Froster resonance energy transfer), FCS (fluorescence correlation spectroscopy), FLIM (fluorescence lifetime imaging), and change in fluorescence intensity, is used to identify the generated signal.
17. 17. Fluorescent sensors offer a rapid response time, great selectivity, and sensitivity, and have numerous uses in environmental monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and analysis done under a microscope, among others.
18. 18. Fluorescence spectroscopy has been widely utilised recently for the quick and easy identification of transition and heavy metal ions.

Track – 16: Resonant Biosensors

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1. 1. Resonant biosensors are molecules with an electron cloud that vibrates. The frequency of electromagnetic radiation matches the frequency of vibrations when it strikes the metal surface at a specific angle of incidence, creating resonance.
2. 2. In a resonant biosensor, the membrane mass changes when the antigen (or analyte molecule) attaches to the membrane and the antibody (bio-element) are connected to an acoustic wave transducer.
3. 3. The frequency of resonance of the transducer may be measured since it changes whenever the mass of the membrane does.
4. 4. The refractive index of the medium affects the resonant angle. The local mass density on the metal surface, in turn, affects the refractive index.
5. 5. These biosensors' main advantages are their quick measurements and relatively high sensitivity. These biosensors are used to gain a qualitative and quantitative understanding of how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) functions.
6. 6. The primary flaw is that it can't be utilised to test or identify turbid or coloured liquids. Occasionally, ligands may prevent the binding from happening.

Track – 17: Ion-Sensitive Biosensors

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1. 1. Ion-sensitive surfaces are layered over semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (FET) to create ion sensitive biosensors.
2. 2. The semiconductor's surface potential changes whenever ions interact with it, and this change is quantified. The sensor electrode is covered with an ion selective polymer layer to create an ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET).
3. 3. It is possible to observe how the surface potential of the FET varies when ions diffuse through the polymer layer. An example of an ion-sensitive biosensor is the ENFET (Enzyme Field Effect Transistor), which is frequently used for pH sensing.
4. 4. SiNWFETs are silicon nanowire-based ISFETs that are utilised for drug screening, label-free DNA detection, and other applications.

Track – 18: Acoustic Biosensors

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1. 1. Microbalances in acoustic sensors can measure an increase in mass brought on by the development of an immunocomplex. Electroacoustic devices are another name for acoustic sensors.
2. 2. Acoustic biosensors connect mechanical deformation to electric potentials and vice versa using piezoelectric materials for the acoustic transduction.
3. 3. It is possible to produce several acoustic wave forms, which are then detected by surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors or bulk acoustic wave (BAW) sensors.
4. 4. Although BAW devices are often employed in food analyses, SAW devices are fundamentally more sensitive.
5. 5. Quartz wafers, which come in the shapes of 10 to 16 mm discs, squares, or rectangles and are only around 0.15 mm thick, are found inside BAW sensors sandwiched between two gold electrodes.
6. 6. By applying a selective coating that binds analyte to the electrode surfaces of these crystals, chemical sensors can be created. A drop in resonance frequency indicates the presence of antigen binding. This makes it possible to watch the affinity reaction in real time.

Track – 19: Magnetic Biosensors

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1. 1. Measurements of magnetically induced effects or reflexes within magnetic properties are made using this kind of biosensor.
2. 2. Magnetic biosensors have drawn a lot of attention in recent years as a potential option for producing very sensitive biosensors.
3. 3. This method substitutes a super-paramagnetic bead for a conventional yet iconic label like a fluorescent tag, which may be detected using magneto-resistive sensors and magnetic beads.
4. 4. Magnetic biosensors exhibit the unique ability to modulate these labels by applying controlled magnetic force, in addition to greater sensitivity.
5. 5. A variety of biosensors now use magnetoelectronics as a promising new platform technology for the detection, id, localization, and manipulation of a wide range of biological, physical, and chemical substances.
6. 6. The techniques are based on exposing the magnetic field of a biomolecule that has been magnetically marked and is interacting with a corresponding biomolecule that is attached to a magnetic field sensor.
7. 7. A number of additional functionalities, including on-chip magnetic immuno-separation of biomolecules and cells, transport of biomolecules to a specific location on the chip, and testing or accelerating bio-molecular binding, are made possible by immobilising biomolecules onto the surface of the particle.
8. 8. Recently, the development of magneto-resistive biosensors has received the most attention in an effort to boost sensitivity through the simultaneous sensing and manipulation of magnetic beads.
9. 9. The proximity of bound magnetic beads to the sensor position for magneto-resistive sensors has a certain signal dependence. Based on this occurrence, numerous businesses are looking into the possibility of improving sensitivity and specificity by actively guiding magnetic beads using magnetic forces created on-chip.
10. 10. On the surface of the device, a sandwich assay is built up first, and then magnetic beads are used to label it. The bound magnetic beads are then released and moved to the location that should theoretically produce the strongest signal, resulting in the most accurate detection.
11. 11. The influence of the surface chemistry, assay, kind of particles, and release mechanism has been thoroughly examined in order to increase the sensitivity, specificity, and dynamic range for the detection of proteins.

Track – 20: Whole Cell Biosensors

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1. 1. A typical whole cell-based biosensor's main working principle is the detection of a specific species of analyte and the processing of this detection into an electrical and optical signal. These biosensors can use microbial cells that are alive or dead.
2. 2. Microorganisms (algae, bacteria, fungus, viruses, or protozoa) that may interact with a wide range of analytes and produce a signal observable and quantifiable by a particular transducer are used in whole-cell-based biosensors.
3. 3. By immobilising and using bacteria or living cells as the unit that supplies the molecular recognition components, this process can be detected.
4. 4. Receptors, ion channels, and enzymes that have naturally evolved in cells can be employed as targets for biological or biologically active analytes. In order to measure functional information and the impacts of the analyte on the physiological function of living cells, whole-cell-based biosensors are used.
5. 5. This has led to the development of whole cell-based biosensors as a dynamic method for qualitative and quantitative monitoring of various analytes for clinical diagnosis.
6. 6. Whole cell-based biosensors, as opposed to conventional biosensors, are capable of genetic modification and can function under a wider range of environmental conditions, including a range of temperatures and pH levels.
7. 7. As a result, they are more sensitive to changes in the electrochemical state of a tissue sample, other cells, or the environment.
8. 8. The choice of the reporter gene, as well as the selectivity and sensitivity of the molecular recognition that takes place when regulator proteins attach to their target analytes, is the primary concerns with regard to the performance of a whole cell-based biosensor.
9. 9. These biosensors are made by fusing a reporter gene, such as gfp, lux, or lacZ, to a sensitive promoter. The biosensors rely on the analysis of gene expression, which is frequently carried out by fusing a reporter gene and a target promoter.
10. 10. Whole cell-based biosensors can be adjusted using straightforward genetic engineering techniques so that they can be used to detect a variety of complicated reactions within a living cell, despite the fact that they are less sensitive to environmental changes than molecular-based ones.
11. 11. Additionally, these biosensors can offer details about a sample's pharmacology, cell physiology, and toxicology that molecule-based biosensors are unable to.
12. 12. Whole cell-based biosensors have a number of clear advantages over other types of biosensors, including good sensitivity, simplicity, high selectivity, and the ability to perform high-throughput in situ detection.
13. 13. As a result, they have been successfully used in a variety of fields, including precision medicine, environmental monitoring, food analysis, disease diagnosis, pharmacology, and drug screening.
14. 14. Whole-cell microbial biosensors are one of the most modern molecular methods used in environmental monitoring. The incorporation of several cell types, including cyanobacteria, bacteria, and algae, into the production of biosensors have been extensively used for the detection of heavy metals.
15. 15. There have also been reports of the use of other cells, including protozoa, yeast, and plant cells. Despite the remarkable sensitivity of these biosensors to heavy metals, they can only detect those heavy metals that are bioavailable to cells.
16. 16. One of the potential methods for finding novel antibiotics is whole-cell biosensors. Catalysis typically takes longer in whole cells.
17. 17. Whole cell biosensors may also have lesser selectivity and sensitivity when compared to enzymes.

Track – 21: Affinity Biosensors

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1. 1. In order to assess a binding event, affinity-based biosensors interface an antibody, DNA sequence, or protein with a signal transducer.
2. 2. Depending on the type of transducer, many affinity biosensor designs are created. Analyte binding to bioaffinity-based sensors is stoichiometric by design.
3. 3. Affinity biosensors are made to monitor a variety of substances, such as poisons, serum proteins, hormones, pesticides, explosives, insulin, ethidium, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons.
4. 4. According to recent research, effective nano-biosensors could be created by interacting nanoparticles with biomolecules such enzymes, antibodies, and oligonucleotides.
5. 5. While interacting with biomolecules, nanoparticles exhibit very distinctive optical properties that may be exploited to create sensitive biosensors.

Track – 22: Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors

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1. 1. There is growing interest in using CNTs as parts of biosensors because carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have an exceptional mix of electrical, electrochemical, and mechanical characteristics.
2. 2. It is widely known that the next generation of ultra-quick and ultra-sensitive biosensing devices will rely heavily on carbon nanotube (CNT) based biosensors.
3. 3. It is possible to acquire ultra-fast detection of biological species at low concentrations thanks to the CNT's high surface-to-volume ratio.
4. 4. The single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) are two different types of carbon nanotubes that are both hollow tubes made of rolling graphite sheets.
5. 5. A single molecular nanomaterial known as a single-walled carbon nanotube is made up of just one layer that coils a single sheet of graphite (graphene) into a seamless molecular cylinder.
6. 6. SWCNTs perform well in elastic modulus and tensile strength, whereas MWCNTs have high corrosion resistance. However, both forms of CNTs have advantages in the analysis of biosensors.
7. 7. Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) can be thought of as a unique class of carbon nanotubes due to their similar morphology and qualities to those of SWCNTs.
8. 8. The biological sensitive element and transducer are the two main components of a CNT-based biosensor.
9. 9. When the CNT is functionalized with biomolecules or bioreceptors like proteins (such as enzymes, cell receptors, or antibodies), oligo- or polynucleotides, microorganisms, or even whole biological tissues, the CNT functions as the physiologically sensitive element.
10. 10. Due to the CNTs' strong intertube attraction, which makes their structure extremely robust, most solvents cannot dissolve them. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have special physico-chemical and photoelectric properties that can enhance the performance of biosensors.
11. 11. For example, CNT-modified electrodes have a faster electron transfer rate and a larger surface area, which improve catalyst fixation and enable more sensitive biosensor detection.
12. 12. CNTs are necessary materials because of their distinctive qualities. First off, CNTs are effective in mechanics. CNTs have an elastic modulus that is equal to that of diamond.
13. 13. Additionally, CNTs have excellent conductivity because they share a sheet structure with graphene. CNTs are also very promising in terms of heat conduction and optical modulation.
14. 14. The characteristics of CNTs, which include their light weight, high specific surface area, chemical stability, superior electrochemical performance, etc., make them excellent candidates for research in the field of biomolecular detection in medicine. Because CNTs have a wide surface area, they have multiple reactive sites that make it possible for them to interact with many different types of biomolecules.
15. 15. Additionally, CNTs' electrical conductivity is sensitive to analyte absorption, allowing for accurate and label-free biosensing.
16. 16. Numerous sectors, mostly those related to the agriculture, environment, food, medicine, and energy, , have conducted research on CNTs. Due to their excellent selectivity and portability, CNTs have found particular success in the medical sector for the detection of DNA, glucose, protein, and amino acids.
17. 17. To detect NaCl and lactate in sweat, CNTs are also utilised in the sensors of wearable technology. Even modern sensors that can be used in traditional Chinese medicine to feel the pulse have them included.
18. 18. However, there are currently very few commercially available examples of carbon nanotube-based sensors. The incorporation of carbon nanotube sensing components into analytical instruments and industrial-scale production remain difficult tasks that prevent the practical implementation of carbon nanotube-based sensors.

This session also includes the below-listed types of biosensors. Our event attends can discuss broadly or can present any type of presentation about below biosensors types:

Nanowire Based Biosensors

Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW)-Based Biosensors

Quartz Crystal Microbalance(QCM)-Based Biosensors

Nanomaterials-Based Biosensors

Nanoparticles-Based Biosensors

Quantum Dot-Based Biosensors

Nanoshell Biosensors

ATR-FTIR Biosensors

Biomimetic Biosensor

Phage Based Biosensor

Antibody Based Biosensor

Catalytic Biosensor

Silicon Biosensor

Microbial Fuel Cell-Based Biosensor

Microfabricated Biosensor

Uric Acid Biosensor

Hydrogel (polyacrylamide)-Based Biosensor